AbstractThe duty to cooperate in free trade agreements (FTAs) is commonly framed as a ‘soft’ commitment for the parties to work together on a given issue. However, this

article deepens and broadens how we understand the duty to cooperate in FTAs. It is deeper in that the duty may include legal obligations to develop norms and improve [...]

AbstractInvestor–state Dispute Settlement (ISDS) typically involves three-person panels of arbitrators who decide conflicts between foreign investors and host governments

in relatively secretive deliberations. In contrast to other forms of adjudication, arbitrators in ISDS need not consider precedent, meaning that dissents are less [...]

AbstractThis article considers the economic foundation for the Trump administration’s 2025 Executive Order imposing ‘reciprocal tariffs’ under the International Emergency

Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). The analysis in the Executive Order rests on numerous historical and economic fallacies, some rather subtle. [...]

AbstractAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded in 1967 to maintain peace and stability through the ‘ASEAN way’, a dialogue-based, non-confrontational,

and consensus-driven approach. While effective in diffusing tensions, this approach often allowed disputes to fade without resolution. [...]

AbstractPreliminary objections in international legal disputes are ubiquitous and yet are curiously overlooked. Taken at face value, the submission of preliminary objections

may reflect a deeply held belief about the bounds of consent a disputing party has given to international third-party adjudication. [...]

This study investigates the relationship between board gender diversity (BGD) and environmental performance (EP) among manufacturing firms in Latin America and the Caribbean

(LAC), with particular focus on the mediating role of green innovation (GI) and the moderating influence of CSR engagement (CSR). [...]

This study examines the relationship between financial health (2019–2023) and the transparency of environmental information disclosure in leading Catalan pharmaceutical companies.

Based on an economic–financial analysis of financial statements and environmental information reported in accordance with the European Sustainability Reporting [...]