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<title>FID Recht - Privatrecht</title>
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<updated>2026-01-21T11:12:44+00:00</updated>
<id>https://vifa-recht.de/feed/37</id>
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<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-04-17:/285584</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iir.70037?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Prudence lost? Recent judicial application of cramdown in China</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
This article critically examines the application of cramdown provisions under China's Ente...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>This article critically examines the application of cramdown provisions under China's Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, with a focus on whether courts have meaningfully implemented the principle of judicial prudence emphasized by the Supreme People's Court. Drawing on an empirical analysis of post-2018 judicial decisions, the article finds that while courts formally comply with statutory requirements, such as voting thresholds and restrained use of public interest, they often lack substantive engagement in reviewing valuation assumptions, feasibility assessments and creditor objections. This procedural conformity has turned cramdown into a tool for expedient plan approval, rather than a mechanism to safeguard fairness and encourage good-faith negotiation. The article identifies deeper institutional and legislative deficiencies, including vague statutory language, limited judicial capacity, and the absence of structured safeguards, which collectively undermine the intended role of cramdown as a protective device for dissenting creditors. To address these challenges, the article advocates three key refinements: prioritizing tiered distribution to ensure equitable outcomes for small creditors, establishing structured feasibility assessment criteria, and equipping judges with reliable valuation tools. By institutionalizing these refinements, Chinese courts can move beyond formal compliance toward substantive prudence, restoring cramdown as a principled instrument for resolving complex corporate reorganizations.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-17T06:00:05+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Haizheng Zhang, 
Jingshu Zhang, 
Tianwa Yang</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-04-17T06:00:05+00:00</updated>
		<title>International Insolvency Review</title></source>

	<category term="research article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-04-04:/284556</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026019" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Book review: Cause and Consideration: Exploring the Foundations of Contract Law, edited by Bruno Rodríguez-Rosado, Rocío Caro Gándara &amp; Antonio Legerén-Molina (1st ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2025) [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-04-04:/284557</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026021" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Liability of Generative AI for Defamation [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This article explores the potential liability of generative AI (GenAI) operators for reputational ha...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>This article explores the potential liability of generative AI (GenAI) operators for reputational harm under the EU legal framework, with a focus on three possible legal grounds: defamation, product liability, and non-contractual liability. National defamation law faces significant challenges in addressing AI-generated content in the absence of human intent or editorial control. While the new Product Liability Directive classifies AI systems as products, it excludes damages resulting from violations of personality rights from its scope of application. Accordingly, Member States&rsquo; non-contractual liability rules may offer the most viable path for claimants, despite the challenges of proving fault and the risk of conflicting judgments between jurisdictions. Since GenAI operators cannot foresee specific defamatory outputs, they should be held liable only when they know about the illegality &ndash; usually after a notification &ndash; and fail to take reasonable steps to block the output. These steps could include implementing machineunlearning techniques or filters. This would mean subjecting GenAI operators to a liability regime similar to that applicable to online platforms for hosting defamatory content.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Cet article explore la responsabilit&eacute; potentielle des op&eacute;rateurs d&rsquo;IA g&eacute;n&eacute;rative en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;atteinte &agrave; la r&eacute;putation dans le cadre juridique de l&rsquo;UE, en se concentrant sur trois fondements juridiques possibles: la diffamation, la responsabilit&eacute; du fait des produits d&eacute;fectueux et la responsabilit&eacute; extracontractuelle. Le droit national en mati&egrave;re de diffamation est confront&eacute; &agrave; des d&eacute;fis importants lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de traiter les contenus g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;s par l&rsquo;IA en l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;intention humaine ou de contr&ocirc;le &eacute;ditorial. Si la nouvelle directive sur les produits d&eacute;fectueux classe les syst&egrave;mes d&rsquo;IA comme des produits, elle exclut de son champ d&rsquo;application les dommages r&eacute;sultant de violations des droits de la personnalit&eacute;. En cons&eacute;quence, les r&egrave;gles de responsabilit&eacute; non contractuelle des &Eacute;tats membres peuvent offrir la voie la plus viable pour les plaignants, malgr&eacute; les difficult&eacute;s &agrave; prouver la faute et le risque de jugements contradictoires. &Eacute;tant donn&eacute; que les op&eacute;rateurs d&rsquo;IA g&eacute;n&eacute;rative ne peuvent pas pr&eacute;voir des r&eacute;sultats diffamatoires sp&eacute;cifiques, ils ne devraient &ecirc;tre tenus responsables que lorsqu&rsquo;ils ont connaissance de l&rsquo;ill&eacute;galit&eacute; &ndash; g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement apr&egrave;s une notification &ndash; et qu&rsquo;ils ne prennent pas de mesures raisonnables pour bloquer le r&eacute;sultat. Ces mesures pourraient inclure la mise en &oelig;uvre de techniques de d&eacute;sapprentissage machines ou filtres. Cela signifierait soumettre les op&eacute;rateurs de GenAI &agrave; un r&eacute;gime de responsabilit&eacute; similaire &agrave; celui applicable aux plateformes en ligne h&eacute;bergeant des contenus diffamatoires</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Dieser Artikel untersucht die m&ouml;gliche Haftung von Betreibern generativer KI f&uuml;r Reputationssch&auml;den im Rahmen des Rechts der Europ&auml;ischen Union, mit besonderem Fokus auf drei m&ouml;gliche Rechtsgrundlagen: Verleumdung, Produkthaftung und au&szlig;ervertragliche Haftung. Das nationale Verleumdungsrecht steht vor erheblichen Herausforderungen bei der Behandlung von KI-generierten Inhalten, wenn es an menschlicher Absicht oder redaktioneller Kontrolle fehlt. Obwohl die neue Produkthaftungsrichtlinie KI-Systeme als Produkte einstuft, schlie&szlig;t sie Sch&auml;den aus, die aus Verletzungen von Pers&ouml;nlichkeitsrechten resultieren, von ihrem Anwendungsbereich aus. Dementsprechend k&ouml;nnten die au&szlig;ervertraglichen Haftungsregeln der Mitgliedstaaten den gangbarsten Weg f&uuml;r Anspruchsteller bieten, trotz der Schwierigkeiten beim Nachweis eines Verschuldens und des Risikos widerspr&uuml;chlicher Entscheidungen zwischen verschiedenen Gerichtsbarkeiten. Da Betreiber generativer KI spezifische verleumderische Ausgaben nicht vorhersehen k&ouml;nnen, sollten sie nur dann haftbar gemacht werden, wenn sie von der Rechtswidrigkeit Kenntnis haben &ndash; in der Regel nach einer Benachrichtigung &ndash; und es vers&auml;umen, angemessene Schritte zur Sperrung der betreffenden Ausgabe zu unternehmen. Zu diesen Schritten k&ouml;nnten die Implementierung von MachineUnlearning-Techniken oder Filtern geh&ouml;ren. Dies w&uuml;rde bedeuten, Betreiber generativer KI einem Haftungsregime zu unterwerfen, das demjenigen &auml;hnelt, das f&uuml;r Online-Plattformen beim Hosting verleumderischer Inhalte gilt.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: Este art&iacute;culo explora la posible responsabilidad de los operadores de inteligencia artificial generativa por da&ntilde;os reputacionales en el marco jur&iacute;dico de la Uni&oacute;n Europea, con base en tres posibles fundamentos jur&iacute;dicos: la difamaci&oacute;n, la responsabilidad por productos defectuosos y la responsabilidad extracontractual. El derecho nacional en materia de difamaci&oacute;n presenta importantes dificultades para abordar los contenidos generados por IA en ausencia de intenci&oacute;n humana o control editorial. Aunque la nueva Directiva sobre responsabilidad por productos defectuosos clasifica los sistemas de IA como productos, excluye de su &aacute;mbito de aplicaci&oacute;n los da&ntilde;os derivados de vulneraciones de los derechos de la personalidad. En consecuencia, las normas de responsabilidad extracontractual de los Estados miembros pueden ofrecer la v&iacute;a m&aacute;s viable para los demandantes, pese a las dificultades para probar la culpa y el riesgo de sentencias contradictorias. Dado que los operadores de IA generativa no pueden prever resultados difamatorios espec&iacute;ficos, solo deber&iacute;an ser considerados responsables cuando tengan conocimiento de la ilegalidad -generalmente tras una notificaci&oacute;n &ndash; y no adopten medidas razonables para bloquear el contenido en cuesti&oacute;n. Estas medidas podr&iacute;an incluir la implementaci&oacute;n de t&eacute;cnicas de desaprendizaje autom&aacute;tico o filtros. Ello supondr&iacute;a someter a los operadores de IA generativa a un r&eacute;gimen de responsabilidad similar al aplicable a las plataformas en l&iacute;nea por alojar contenidos difamatorios.</i></p><div><br></div>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-04-04:/284558</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026022" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Subsidiarity in Rules on Unjustified Enrichment under Spanish Law: A Note [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This paper analyzes a judgment of the Italian Court of Cassation from the perspective of the subsidi...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>This paper analyzes a judgment of the Italian Court of Cassation from the perspective of the subsidiary nature of the general action for unjust enrichment. It explains the existing debate in Spanish legal scholarship regarding this requirement of subsidiarity and its possible interpretations, concluding that each view of the action for unjust enrichment (unitary or typological) corresponds to a specific understanding of the subsidiary nature of the action.</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-04-04:/284559</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026020" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Book review: Harmonizing Digital Contract Law: The Impact of EU Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771 and the Regulation of Online Platforms. A Handbook edited by Alberto DE FRANCESCHI &amp; Reiner SCHULZE (Nomos. 2023) [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-31:/284189</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70019?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">When it comes to the use of AI in the inventive process: Is there room to confirm the subjective inventorship standard in a world of objective patentability criteria?</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
While the requirement of substantial participation in the inventive process reflects a sub...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>While the requirement of substantial participation in the inventive process reflects a subjective standard of inventorship, patentability criteria remain objective. As a result, although patent protection presupposes sufficient human participation, which is especially important for AI outputs, there is no mechanism to assess such participation, since patentability criteria focus on the output itself irrespective of the inventive process. However, the current study argues that there is no insurmountable gap between the subjective standard of inventorship and the objective inventive step criterion, as compliance with the inventive step requirement also evidences sufficient human participation. To illustrate this, the study examines how the level of human contribution required for inventorship can be reflected through the inventive step criterion. The article discusses the evaluation of the inventive step and argues that a person skilled in the art must be considered &lsquo;AI-equipped&rsquo;. It then illustrates how subjective participation in different stages of the inventive process corresponds to the objective assessment of outputs. The study concludes that if an output is obvious to an &lsquo;AI-equipped&rsquo; person skilled in the art, no substantial contribution sufficient for inventorship was made; conversely, if it is non-obvious, the required substantial contribution was made during one or more stages of the inventive process.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-30T10:31:28+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Nataliia Bulat</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-30T10:31:28+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283877</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70021?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Regulating critical technologies: National security and intellectual property</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
In recent years, claims of &lsquo;national security&rsquo; have surged internationally to protect vari...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>In recent years, claims of &lsquo;national security&rsquo; have surged internationally to protect various security interests including public health, economic security and cybersecurity. National industrial strategies for building critical technologies challenge the scope of &lsquo;national security&rsquo; in international intellectual property (IP) protection. National security provisions in the WTO are traditionally considered narrowly in the military context or &lsquo;an emergency in international relations' where actions are necessary to safeguard countries' essential security interests. However, it does not appear to reflect the economic and cybersecurity issues emerging from critical infrastructure and new digital technologies beyond wars or emergencies in international relations. On the other hand, many recent Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) have expanded the scope of national security to include cybersecurity-related measures. We investigate the legal solutions in relevant international trade and investment regimes that aim to tackle the unpredictability and instability created by selected trade measures based on national security and other non-economic objectives in international intellectual property protection. These measures include trade bans on the export and import of digital technologies and blocking investments to prevent the diffusion of intellectual property. In order to prevent abuse and ensure inclusivity, we propose a conditional right for invoking national security grounds to encompass claims reflecting multi-faceted security interests and a multistakeholder model for governing critical infrastructure and technologies.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-27T08:25:11+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Phoebe Li, 
Atilla Kasap</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-27T08:25:11+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283871</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iir.70034?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The debt priority scheme in insolvent liquidation in Ghana: An evaluative analysis</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
The broad distinction between secured and unsecured debt has important implications for th...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>The broad distinction between secured and unsecured debt has important implications for their treatment in insolvency. The general rule is that all creditors are treated <i>pari passu</i> in the distribution of the insolvency estate: sharing the assets pro rata according to their pre-insolvency entitlements. Security interests, however, modify this <i>pari passu</i> treatment by giving priority to secured debt in insolvency. Several national insolvency regimes also give preference to certain classes of debt, thereby altering the broad treatment of secured and unsecured debt in insolvency. These alterations are expressions of policy choices that can have direct and indirect consequences for the creditor&ndash;debtor regime. This article uncovers and evaluates the policy choices underlying the debt priority scheme in insolvent liquidation in Ghana in comparison to the stated objectives of the corporate insolvency system under the Corporate Insolvency and Restructuring Act, 2020 (Act 1015). The analysis uncovers a significant omission and two instances of confusion in the purpose of the system for the classification and priority of debt under Act 1015. Overall, the article concludes that severe subordination of general unsecured debt under the Ghanaian scheme is a strong disincentive to advancing unsecured credit to businesses, especially small businesses, which often have few viable assets for the creation of secured interests. In an economy in which the majority of businesses are small and medium enterprises, the debt priority scheme is unnecessarily skewed towards big business and does not accord with the realities of the character of the Ghanaian economy.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-28T05:54:42+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Kenneth N.O. Ghartey</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-28T05:54:42+00:00</updated>
		<title>International Insolvency Review</title></source>

	<category term="research article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283851</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026009" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Editorial: AI-Induced Psychosis: A New (Legal) Phenomenon? [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283852</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026010" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Interpreting ‘Effective, Proportionate, and Dissuasive Sanctions’ in EU Consumer Law: Uniform Benchmarks for National Legislators and Enforcement? [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This article examines the EU requirement that sanctions in consumer law be &lsquo;effective, proportionate...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>This article examines the EU requirement that sanctions in consumer law be &lsquo;effective, proportionate, and dissuasive&rsquo;, a triad rooted in Article 4(3) TEU and codified in consumer protection directives. It serves as a fundamental benchmark for national enforcement, guiding how Member States legislate, adjudicate, and enforce consumer law. Drawing on recent ECJ case law, academic commentary, and enforcement practices in Belgium and the Netherlands, the article clarifies how each element of the triad should be interpreted and applied.</i></p><p><i>Effectiveness concerns both the capacity of sanctions to fulfil enforcement goals and the removal of procedural barriers. Dissuasiveness focuses on depriving offenders of illicit gains and imposing additional disadvantages, including reputational harm. Proportionality ensures that sanctions are tailored to the seriousness of the infringement and aligned with EU law objectives.</i></p><p><i>The article advocates for a more harmonized and coherent application of the triad, supported by cross-directive reasoning and the criteria introduced by the Omnibus Directive. It recommends a balanced model combining public and private enforcement, with mechanisms to ensure accountability for natural persons behind corporate violations. The triad is thus presented not as a formalistic requirement, but as a substantive tool for ensuring consistent and effective consumer law enforcement across the EU.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Cet article examine l&rsquo;exigence europ&eacute;enne selon laquelle les sanctions en droit de la consommation doivent &ecirc;tre &laquo; effectives, proportionn&eacute;es et dissuasives &raquo;, une triade issue de l&rsquo;article 4, paragraphe 3, du TUE et codifi&eacute;e dans plusieurs directives de protection des consommateurs. Elle constitue un rep&egrave;re essentiel pour l&rsquo;application nationale, orientant la l&eacute;gislation, la jurisprudence et l&rsquo;ex&eacute;cution du droit de la consommation dans les &Eacute;tats membres. En s&rsquo;appuyant sur la jurisprudence r&eacute;cente de la CJUE, la doctrine juridique et les pratiques en Belgique et aux Pays-Bas, l&rsquo;article clarifie l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation et la mise en &oelig;uvre de chacun des trois &eacute;l&eacute;ments de la triade.</i></p><p><i>L&rsquo;effectivit&eacute; concerne &agrave; la fois la capacit&eacute; des sanctions &agrave; atteindre les objectifs d&rsquo;ex&eacute;cution et la lev&eacute;e des obstacles proc&eacute;duraux. La dissuasion implique la privation des avantages illicites et l&rsquo;imposition de d&eacute;savantages suppl&eacute;mentaires, y compris r&eacute;putationnels. La proportionnalit&eacute; garantit que les sanctions sont adapt&eacute;es &agrave; la gravit&eacute; de l&rsquo;infraction et aux objectifs du droit de l&rsquo;UE. L&rsquo;article plaide pour une application plus harmonis&eacute;e de la triade, appuy&eacute;e par le raisonnement transversal de la CJUE et les crit&egrave;res de la directive Omnibus. La triade est ainsi pr&eacute;sent&eacute;e comme un outil normatif garantissant une application coh&eacute;rente, &eacute;quilibr&eacute;e et efficace du droit de la consommation dans l&rsquo;UE</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Dieser Artikel untersucht die EU-Vorgabe, dass Sanktionen im Verbraucherrecht &bdquo;wirksam, verh&auml;ltnism&auml;&szlig;ig und abschreckend&ldquo; sein m&uuml;ssen &ndash; ein Dreiklang, der in Artikel 4 Absatz 3 EUV verwurzelt und in verbraucherschutzrechtlichen Richtlinien kodifiziert ist. Er dient als zentraler Ma&szlig;stab f&uuml;r die nationale Durchsetzung und lenkt, wie die Mitgliedstaaten das Verbraucherrecht gesetzlich regeln, anwenden und vollstrecken. Gest&uuml;tzt auf aktuelle Rechtsprechung des EuGH, wissenschaftliche Kommentare und Durchsetzungspraktiken in Belgien und den Niederlanden, kl&auml;rt der Artikel, wie jedes Element dieses Dreiklangs auszulegen und anzuwenden ist.</i></p><p><i>Wirksamkeit betrifft sowohl die F&auml;higkeit von Sanktionen, Durchsetzungsziele zu erreichen, als auch den Abbau verfahrensrechtlicher H&uuml;rden. Abschreckung zielt darauf ab, T&auml;ter ihrer unrechtm&auml;&szlig;igen Gewinne zu berauben und ihnen zus&auml;tzliche Nachteile aufzuerlegen, einschlie&szlig;lich Reputationssch&auml;den. Verh&auml;ltnism&auml;&szlig;igkeit stellt sicher, dass Sanktionen an die Schwere des Versto&szlig;es angepasst und mit den Zielen des EU-Rechts in Einklang stehen. Der Artikel pl&auml;diert f&uuml;r eine st&auml;rker harmonisierte und koh&auml;rente Anwendung des Dreiklangs, gest&uuml;tzt auf richtlinien&uuml;bergreifende Argumentation und die durch die Omnibus-Richtlinie eingef&uuml;hrten Kriterien. Empfohlen wird ein ausgewogenes Modell, das &ouml;ffentliche und private Durchsetzung kombiniert und Mechanismen vorsieht, um nat&uuml;rliche Personen hinter Unternehmensverst&ouml;&szlig;en zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. Der Dreiklang wird somit nicht als formale Anforderung dargestellt, sondern als substanzielles Instrument f&uuml;r eine konsistente und wirksame Durchsetzung des Verbraucherrechts in der EU.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: Este art&iacute;culo analiza la exigencia de la UE de que las sanciones en materia de derecho del consumo sean &laquo;eficaces, proporcionadas y disuasorias&raquo;, una tr&iacute;ada que tiene su origen en el art&iacute;culo 4, apartado 3, del TUE y que se codifica en las directivas de protecci&oacute;n de los consumidores. Sirve como referencia fundamental para la aplicaci&oacute;n nacional, orientando la legislaci&oacute;n y la ejecuci&oacute;n de la legislaci&oacute;n en materia de consumo de los Estados miembros y la jurisprudencia. Bas&aacute;ndose en la doctrina reciente del TJUE, los comentarios acad&eacute;micos y las pr&aacute;cticas de aplicaci&oacute;n en B&eacute;lgica y los Pa&iacute;ses Bajos, el art&iacute;culo clarifica c&oacute;mo debe interpretarse y aplicarse cada elemento de la tr&iacute;ada. La eficacia se refiere tanto a la capacidad de las sanciones para cumplir los objetivos de aplicaci&oacute;n como a la eliminaci&oacute;n de las barreras procedimentales. La disuasi&oacute;n se centra en privar a los infractores de las ganancias il&iacute;citas e imponerles desventajas adicionales, incluidas las que afectan a su reputaci&oacute;n. La proporcionalidad garantiza que las sanciones se adapten a la gravedad de la infracci&oacute;n y se ajusten a los objetivos del Derecho de la UE.</i></p><p><i>El art&iacute;culo aboga por una aplicaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s armonizada y coherente de la tr&iacute;ada, que se apoye en un razonamiento transversal sobre la base de las directivas y los criterios introducidos por la Directiva &Oacute;mnibus. Recomienda un modelo equilibrado que combine la aplicaci&oacute;n p&uacute;blica y privada, con mecanismos que garanticen la responsabilidad de las personas f&iacute;sicas responsables de las infracciones cometidas por las empresas. As&iacute; pues, la tr&iacute;ada no se presenta como un requisito formalista, sino como una herramienta sustantiva para garantizar una aplicaci&oacute;n coherente y eficaz de la legislaci&oacute;n en materia de consumo en toda la UE.</i></p><div><br></div>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283853</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026011" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment: A Threat to Legal Certainty? [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The present introduction offers a concise overview of the Grand Chamber of the Italian Supreme Court...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>The present introduction offers a concise overview of the Grand Chamber of the Italian Supreme Court's (Corte di Cassazione a Sezioni Unite) decision of 5 December 2023, No. 33954, which provides its interpretation of the subsidiarity of unjust enrichment. In particular, despite the reaffirmation of the rationale of legal certainty, this decision serves to mitigate the strong understanding of subsidiarity that was previously dominant in Italian law. The Grand Chamber's arguments are examined through the lens of the commentaries provided by Anglo-Saxon, Belgian, Dutch, French, German and Spanish perspectives. In conclusion, an evaluation of the subsidiarity rule is provided.</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283854</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026012" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment: An Anglo-Scots Perspective on Corte di Cassazione, Sezioni Unite, Decision Number 33954 of 5 December 2023 [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This commentary explains how English and Scots law might apply to the facts gave
rise to a December ...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>This commentary explains how English and Scots law might apply to the facts gave
rise to a December 2023 decision of the Corte di Cassazione on the subsidiarity of unjust
enrichment in Italian law. If a case like that before the Italian court came before an English or
Scottish court, the starting points of arguments about enrichment liability may be present. As to
the more general issue raised by the court&rsquo;s decision, this commentary explains that in neither
England nor Scotland should enrichment law be conceived of as subsidiary to anything else</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283855</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026013" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Comments from a German Law Perspective [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>In German la, unjustified enrichment claims are not subsidiary to contract, tort or other claims. Co...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>In German la, unjustified enrichment claims are not subsidiary to contract, tort or other claims. Coordination wiith other types of claims occurs through the &ldquo;without legal ground&rdquo; requirement, and, within unjustified enrichment, through the distinction between performance based enrichment and other types. Rules on assessment of enrichment and damages are dovetailed. Also, rules on contracts between public authorities and private persons are generally enforceable.</i></p><p><i>French: En droit allemand, les actions en enrichissement sans cause ne sont pas subordonn&eacute;es aux actions contractuelles, d&eacute;lictuelles ou autres. La coordination avec d&rsquo;autres types d&rsquo;actions s&rsquo;effectue par l&rsquo;exigence d&rsquo;absence de fondement juridique, et, dans le cadre d&rsquo;enrichissement sans cause, par la distinction entre l&rsquo;enrichissement fond&eacute; sur une prestation et autres formes d&rsquo;enrichissement. Les r&egrave;gles d&rsquo;&eacute;valuation de l&rsquo;enrichissement et des dommages-int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts sont &eacute;troitement li&eacute;es. Par ailleurs, les contrats conclus entre autorit&eacute;s publiques et personnes priv&eacute;es sont g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement ex&eacute;cutoires.</i></p><p><i>German: Anspr&uuml;che aus ungerechtfertigter Bereicherung sind nach deutschem Recht nicht subsidi&auml;r zu vertraglichen, deliktischen oder sonstigen Anspr&uuml;chen. Vielmehr erfolgt die Koordination dieser Anspr&uuml;che &uuml;ber das Merkmal, dass eine Bereicherung &ldquo;ohne rechtlichen Grund&rdquo; erfolgt sein muss. Innerhalb des Bereicherungsrechts haben Anspr&uuml;che aus rechtsgrundlos erfolgter Leistung Vorrang vor Anspr&uuml;chen infolge anderer Bereicherungen. Die Regeln zur Ermittlung vom Wert des Erlangten und vom zu ersetzenden Schaden sind aufeinander abgestimmt. Zudem sind &ouml;ffentlich-rechtliche Vertr&auml;ge zwischen Personen des &ouml;ffentlichen Rechts und Privatpersonen grunds&auml;tzlich durchsetzbar.</i></p><p><i>Spanish: En el derecho alem&aacute;n, las acciones por enriquecimiento sin causa no son subsidiarias de las acciones contractuales, extracontractuales o de otro tipo. La coordinaci&oacute;n con otros tipos de acciones se produce mediante el requisito de &ldquo;sin fundamento jur&iacute;dico&rdquo;, y dentro del enriquecimiento sin causa, mediante la distinci&oacute;n entre el enriquecimiento basado en el cumplimiento y otros tipos. Adem&aacute;s, los contratos entre las autoridades p&uacute;blicas y individuos o entidades privadas son, en general, exigibles.</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283856</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026014" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Dutch Action for Unjust Enrichment Is Not Subsidiary [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><br></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283857</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026015" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Subsidiarity of Unjustified Enrichment in Latin America: Italian Case Law under the Spotlight [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Latin America is a region that followed French Napoleonic law and, as a result, many Latin Civil Cod...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>Latin America is a region that followed French Napoleonic law and, as a result, many Latin Civil Codes to date have no legal basis for unjust enrichment, while, on the other hand, some jurisdictions that underwent legislative reforms took certain &ldquo;more modern&rdquo; European Civil Codes as a reference at the time, such as the Italian Civil Code of 1942, and imported articles 2041 and 2042, which allow the action for unjust enrichment provided that subsidiarity is met. For this reason, a comparative analysis between Latin America and Europe is useful in concluding how Italian Judgment No. 33954/2023 may impact Latin American jurisdictions</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: L&rsquo;Am&eacute;rique latine est une r&eacute;gion qui a suivi le droit napol&eacute;onien fran&ccedil;ais et, par cons&eacute;quent, de nombreux codes civils latins n&rsquo;ont &agrave; ce jour aucune base juridique pour l&rsquo;enrichissement sans cause, tandis que, d'autre part, certaines juridictions qui ont connu des r&eacute;formes l&eacute;gislatives se sont r&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque &agrave; certains codes civils europ&eacute;ens &ldquo;plus modernes&rdquo;, tels que le code civil italien de 1942, et ont import&eacute; les articles 2041 et 2042 qui permettent d'intenter une action pour enrichissement sans cause &agrave; condition que le principe de subsidiarit&eacute; soit respect&eacute;. C&rsquo;est pourquoi une analyse comparative entre l&rsquo;Am&eacute;rique latine et l&rsquo;Europe est utile pour d&eacute;terminer comment l&rsquo;arr&ecirc;t italien n&deg; 33954/2023 peut avoir un impact sur les juridictions latines.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Lateinamerika ist eine Region, die sich an das franz&ouml;sische Napoleonische Recht anlehnte, weshalb viele lateinamerikanische Zivilgesetzb&uuml;cher bis heute keine Rechtsgrundlage f&uuml;r ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung haben, w&auml;hrend andererseits einige Rechtsordnungen, die Gesetzesreformen durchlaufen haben, sich damals an bestimmten &ldquo;moderneren&rdquo; europ&auml;ischen Zivilgesetzb&uuml;chern orientierten, wie dem italienischen Zivilgesetzbuch von 1942, und die Artikel 2041 und 2042 &uuml;bernahmen, die eine Klage wegen ungerechtfertigter Bereicherung erm&ouml;glichen, sofern die Subsidiarit&auml;t erf&uuml;llt ist. Aus diesem Grund ist eine vergleichende Analyse zwischen Lateinamerika und Europa sinnvoll, um zu ermitteln, wie sich das italienische Urteil Nr. 33954/2023 auf lateinamerikanische Rechtsordnungen auswirken kann.</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283858</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026016" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Modernization of Security Rights over Corporate Assets in Italy [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Culminating a legislative process that began in 2016, the Italian registry for non-possessory pledge...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>Culminating a legislative process that began in 2016, the Italian registry for non-possessory pledges over corporate assets came into effect on 15 June 2023. From this date, it became operative under Italian law a new type of pledge, which differs significantly from the traditional pledge envisaged by the Italian Civil Code. Against this backdrop, this contribution aims to assess the newly introduced pledge by comparatively examining the Italian, English and Dutch legal frameworks, primarily through the lens of a law-andeconomics approach. To ensure a more balanced analysis, the protection of the interests of unsecured creditors and security providers is also considered. The inquiry is structured in two parts, each addressing a core feature of the new Italian regime: (1) the non-possessory nature of the pledge and its associated public registration mechanism; and (2) the scope of the nonpossessory pledge, namely the types of eligible collateral, its floating nature, and the range of obligations it may secure. The paper argues that such a reform brings the Italian system closer to the English and Dutch models, although relevant differences remain among the three jurisdictions. Furthermore, it is contended that the expanded scope of the new non-possessory pledge necessitates the introduction of additional safeguards to more effectively protect the position of unsecured creditors and security providers. Without prejudice to the foregoing, the overall assessment of the Italian reform is positive, since it modernizes the Italian system of security rights and contributes to its greater efficiency.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Aboutissement d&rsquo;un processus l&eacute;gislatif entam&eacute; en 2016, le registre italien des gages sans d&eacute;possession portant sur les actifs des entreprises est entr&eacute; en vigueur le 15 juin 2023. &Agrave; compter de cette date, un nouveau type de gage est devenu op&eacute;rationnel en droit italien, se distinguant sensiblement du gage traditionnel pr&eacute;vu par le Code civil italien. Dans ce contexte, la pr&eacute;sente contribution vise &agrave; &eacute;valuer cette nouvelle s&ucirc;ret&eacute; en proc&eacute;dant &agrave; une analyse comparative des cadres juridiques italien, anglais et n&eacute;erlandais, principalement sous l&rsquo;angle de l&rsquo;analyse &eacute;conomique du droit. Afin d&rsquo;assurer une approche plus &eacute;quilibr&eacute;e, la protection des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des cr&eacute;anciers chirographaires et des constituants de s&ucirc;ret&eacute;s est &eacute;galement prise en consid&eacute;ration. L&rsquo;&eacute;tude est structur&eacute;e en deux parties, chacune portant sur une caract&eacute;ristique centrale du nouveau r&eacute;gime italien: (i) la nature du gage sans d&eacute;possession et le m&eacute;canisme de publicit&eacute; par enregistrement qui lui est associ&eacute;; et (ii) le champ d&rsquo;application du gage sans d&eacute;possession, &agrave; savoir les types de garanties &eacute;ligibles, sa nature fluctuante ainsi que l&rsquo;&eacute;ventail des obligations qu&rsquo;il est susceptible de garantir. L&rsquo;article indique qu&rsquo;une telle r&eacute;forme rapproche le syst&egrave;me italien de mod&egrave;les anglais et n&eacute;erlandais, bien que des diff&eacute;rences significatives subsistent entre les trois ordres juridiques. Il est en outre avanc&eacute; que l&rsquo;&eacute;largissement du champ d&rsquo;application du nouveau gage sans d&eacute;possession n&eacute;cessite l&rsquo;introduction de garanties suppl&eacute;mentaires afin de mieux prot&eacute;ger la position des cr&eacute;anciers chirographaires et des constituants de s&ucirc;ret&eacute;s. Sans pr&eacute;judice de ce qui pr&eacute;c&egrave;de, l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation globale de la r&eacute;forme italienne est positive, dans la mesure o&ugrave; elle modernize le syst&egrave;me italien des s&ucirc;ret&eacute;s et contribue &agrave; en accro&icirc;tre l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute;.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Als H&ouml;hepunkt eines 2016 begonnenen Gesetzgebungsverfahrens trat am 15. Juni 2023 das italienische Register f&uuml;r besitzlose Verpf&auml;ndungen von Unternehmensverm&ouml;gen in Kraft. Seit diesem Datum ist im italienischen Recht eine neue Art von Pfandrecht in Kraft, die sich erheblich von dem traditionellen Pfandrecht des italienischen Zivilgesetzbuches unterscheidet. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt der vorliegende Beitrag darauf ab, das neu eingef&uuml;hrte Pfandrecht durch eine vergleichende Untersuchung der italienischen, englischen und niederl&auml;ndischen Rechtsrahmen zu bewerten, vor allem unter dem Gesichtspunkt eines rechts&ouml;konomischen Ansatzes. Um eine ausgewogenere Analyse zu gew&auml;hrleisten, wird auch der Schutz der Interessen ungesicherter Gl&auml;ubiger und Sicherungsgeber ber&uuml;cksichtigt. Die Untersuchung gliedert sich in zwei Teile, die sich jeweils mit einem Kernmerkmal des neuen italienischen Systems befassen: (i) dem besitzlosen Charakter des Pfandrechts und dem damit verbundenen &ouml;ffentlichen Registrierungsmechanismus; und (ii) dem Anwendungsbereich des besitzlosen Pfandrechts, d. h. den Arten von zul&auml;ssigen Sicherheiten, seinem variablen Charakter und dem Spektrum der Verpflichtungen, die es sichern kann. Der Beitrag eruiert, dass eine solche Reform das italienische System n&auml;her an die englischen und niederl&auml;ndischen Modelle heranf&uuml;hrt, obwohl zwischen den drei Rechtsordnungen weiterhin relevante Unterschiede bestehen. Dar&uuml;ber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, dass der erweiterte Anwendungsbereich des neuen besitzlosen Pfandrechts die Einf&uuml;hrung zus&auml;tzlicher Schutzvorkehrungen erforderlich macht, um die Position ungesicherter Gl&auml;ubiger und Sicherungsgeber wirksamer zu sch&uuml;tzen. Unbeschadet des Vorstehenden f&auml;llt die Gesamtbewertung der italienischen Reform positiv aus, da sie das italienische System der Sicherungsrechte modernisiert und zu dessen gr&ouml;&szlig;erer Effizienz beitr&auml;gt.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: Como culminaci&oacute;n de un proceso legislativo iniciado en 2016, el registro italiano de prendas sin desplazamiento sobre activos societarios entr&oacute; en vigor el 15 de junio de 2023. A partir de esa fecha, existe en la legislaci&oacute;n italiana un nuevo tipo de prenda, que difiere significativamente de la prenda tradicional prevista en el C&oacute;digo Civil. En este contexto, la presente contribuci&oacute;n tiene por objeto evaluar esta nueva prenda mediante un examen comparativo de los marcos jur&iacute;dicos italiano, ingl&eacute;s y neerland&eacute;s, principalmente desde la perspectiva del enfoque jur&iacute;dico-econ&oacute;mico. Para garantizar un an&aacute;lisis m&aacute;s ponderado, tambi&eacute;n se tiene en cuenta la protecci&oacute;n de los intereses de los acreedores no garantizados y de los garantes. La investigaci&oacute;n se estructura en dos partes, cada una de las cuales aborda una caracter&iacute;stica fundamental del nuevo r&eacute;gimen italiano: i) la naturaleza no posesoria de la prenda y su mecanismo de registro p&uacute;blico asociado, y ii) el &aacute;mbito de la prenda no posesoria, es decir, los tipos de garant&iacute;as admisibles, su naturaleza flotante y la gama de obligaciones que puede garantizar. El art&iacute;culo sostiene que esta reforma acerca el sistema italiano a los modelos ingl&eacute;s y neerland&eacute;s, aunque siguen existiendo diferencias relevantes entre las tres jurisdicciones. Adem&aacute;s, se sostiene que el alcance ampliado de la nueva prenda no posesoria requiere la introducci&oacute;n de salvaguardias adicionales para proteger m&aacute;s eficazmente la posici&oacute;n de los acreedores no garantizados y fiadores y otros garantes. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, la evaluaci&oacute;n general de la reforma es positiva, ya que moderniza el sistema italiano de garant&iacute;as reales y contribuye a su mayor eficiencia.</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283859</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026017" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Transposition of the EU Directive on Unfair Trading Practices in B2B Relationships in the Agricultural and Food Supply Chain: A Comparison of Selected EU Legal Systems [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This paper compares the status of the European Union (EU) Directive on unfair trading practices (UTP...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>This paper compares the status of the European Union (EU) Directive on unfair trading practices (UTP) in business-to-business (B2B) relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain as transposed in ten jurisdictions across Europe. With respect to such transposition, the author examines whether the EU Member States in question have adopted a broader scope of application in certain areas than the EU Directive. The focus is on whether the protective rules extend to include B2B buyers (in addition to B2B suppliers) &ndash; the paper refers to this as &lsquo;bidirectional protection&rsquo; &ndash;, and whether the business size proxy (i.e., the turnover thresholds) in the EU Directive is followed. This paper also examines differences at the national level with respect to the core of the minimum protection required by the EU Directive, namely the so-called &lsquo;blacklist&rsquo; and &lsquo;grey list&rsquo; of trade practices. A comparative approach has been chosen in the paper to gain a deeper understanding of the scope and content of the EU Directive by contrasting it with the scope of the national transposition measures. This paper is also timely as the European Commission will carry out a first evaluation of the EU Directive by November 2025. The outcome of the analysis is that some EU Member States have adopted national rules that go beyond the scope of application of the EU Directive. In the author&rsquo;s view, the protection afforded to suppliers by the EU Directive should not be extended by analogy to buyers. Moreover, it is recommended to stick as closely as possible to the turnover thresholds listed in the EU Directive. As such, the author is of the view that the approach chosen by the Netherlands with respect to the transposition of the Directive into its national law is most appropriate.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Cet article compare l&rsquo;&eacute;tat d&rsquo;avancement de la transposition de la directive europ&eacute;enne sur les pratiques commerciales d&eacute;loyales dans les relations interentreprises au sein de la cha&icirc;ne d&rsquo;approvisionnement agricole et alimentaire dans dix juridictions europ&eacute;ennes. En ce qui concerne cette transposition, l&rsquo;auteur examine si les &Eacute;tats membres de l&rsquo;UE concern&eacute;s ont adopt&eacute; un champ d&rsquo;application plus large que celui de la directive europ&eacute;enne dans certains domaines. L&rsquo;accent est mis sur la question de savoir si les r&egrave;gles de protection s&rsquo;&eacute;tendent aux acheteurs interentreprises (en plus des fournisseurs interentreprises) &ndash; ce que le document appelle la &laquo; protection bidirectionnelle &raquo; &ndash; et si le crit&egrave;re de taille de l&rsquo;entreprise (c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire les seuils de chiffre d&rsquo;affaires) pr&eacute;vu dans la directive europ&eacute;enne est respect&eacute;. Le document examine &eacute;galement diff&eacute;rences au niveau national en ce qui concerne l&rsquo;essence m&ecirc;me de la protection minimale requise par la directive europ&eacute;enne, &agrave; savoir la &laquo; liste noire &raquo; et la &laquo; liste grise &raquo; des pratiques commerciales. Une approche comparative a &eacute;t&eacute; choisie dans le document afin de mieux comprendre la port&eacute;e et le contenu de la directive europ&eacute;enne en la comparant &agrave; la port&eacute;e des mesures nationales de transposition. Ce document arrive &agrave; point nomm&eacute;, car la Commission europ&eacute;enne proc&eacute;dera &agrave; une premi&egrave;re &eacute;valuation de la directive europ&eacute;enne d&rsquo;ici novembre 2025. L&rsquo;analyse montre que certains &Eacute;tats membres de l&rsquo;UE ont adopt&eacute; des r&egrave;gles nationales qui vont au-del&agrave; du champ d&rsquo;application de la directive europ&eacute;enne. Selon l&rsquo;auteur, la protection accord&eacute;e aux fournisseurs par la directive europ&eacute;enne ne devrait pas &ecirc;tre &eacute;tendue par analogie aux acheteurs. En outre, il est recommand&eacute; de se conformer autant que possible aux seuils de chiffre d&rsquo;affaires fix&eacute;s dans la directive europ&eacute;enne. &Agrave; ce titre, l&rsquo;auteur estime que l&rsquo;approche choisie par les PaysBas pour transposer la directive dans leur l&eacute;gislation nationale est la plus appropri&eacute;e.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: In diesem Beitrag wird der Stand der Umsetzung der EU-Richtlinie &uuml;ber unlautere Handelspraktiken in den Gesch&auml;ftsbeziehungen zwischen Unternehmen in der Agrarund Lebensmittelversorgungskette in zehn europ&auml;ischen Rechtsordnungen verglichen. Im Hinblick auf diese Umsetzung untersucht der Autor, ob die betreffenden EU-Mitgliedstaaten in bestimmten Bereichen einen weiter gefassten Anwendungsbereich als die EU-Richtlinie angenommen haben. Der Schwerpunkt liegt darauf, ob die Schutzvorschriften auch f&uuml;r gewerbliche Abnehmer (zus&auml;tzlich zu gewerblichen Lieferanten) gelten &ndash; in diesem Beitrag als &bdquo;bidirektionaler Schutz &lsquo;bezeichnet &ndash; und ob die in der EU-Richtlinie festgelegten Gr&ouml;&szlig;enkriterien (d. h. die Umsatzschwellen) eingehalten werden. In diesem Beitrag werden auch Unterschiede auf nationaler Ebene in Bezug auf den Kern des von der EU-Richtlinie geforderten Mindestschutzes untersucht, n&auml;mlich die sogenannte &bdquo;schwarze Liste&rsquo; und &bdquo;graue Liste&rdquo; von Handelspraktiken. In diesem Papier wurde ein vergleichender Ansatz gew&auml;hlt, um ein tieferes Verst&auml;ndnis des Geltungsbereichs und des Inhalts der EU-Richtlinie zu erlangen, indem diese mit dem Geltungsbereich der nationalen Umsetzungsma&szlig;nahmen verglichen wird. Dieses Papier ist auch deshalb aktuell, weil die Europ&auml;ische Kommission bis November 2025 eine erste Bewertung der EU-Richtlinie vornehmen wird. Das Ergebnis der Analyse ist, dass einige EU-Mitgliedstaaten nationale Vorschriften erlassen haben, die &uuml;ber den Anwendungsbereich der EU-Richtlinie hinausgehen. Nach Ansicht des Autors sollte der Schutz, den die EU-Richtlinie den Lieferanten gew&auml;hrt, nicht analog auf die K&auml;ufer ausgedehnt werden. Dar&uuml;ber hinaus wird empfohlen, sich so weit wie m&ouml;glich an die in der EU-Richtlinie aufgef&uuml;hrten Umsatzschwellen zu halten. Daher ist der Autor der Ansicht, dass der von den Niederlanden gew&auml;hlte Ansatz zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie in nationales Recht am besten geeignet ist.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: Este art&iacute;culo compara el estatus de la Directiva UE sobre pr&aacute;cticas comerciales desleales en las relaciones entre empresas en la cadena de suministro agr&iacute;cola y alimentaria, tal y como se ha transpuesto en diez jurisdicciones de Europa. Con respecto a dicha transposici&oacute;n, el autor analiza si los respectivos Estados miembros de la UE han adoptado un &aacute;mbito de aplicaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s amplio en determinadas &aacute;reas que la propia Directiva. Se centra la atenci&oacute;n en si las normas de protecci&oacute;n se extienden para incluir a los compradores B2B (adem&aacute;s de a los proveedores de empresas), lo que se denomina &laquo;protecci&oacute;n bidireccional&raquo;, y si se sigue el indicador del tama&ntilde;o de la empresa (es decir, los umbrales de volumen de negocios) de la Directiva de la UE. Tambi&eacute;n se estudian las diferencias a nivel nacional con respecto al n&uacute;cleo de la protecci&oacute;n m&iacute;nima exigida por la Directiva de la UE, es decir, las denominadas &laquo;lista negra&raquo; y &laquo;lista gris&raquo; de pr&aacute;cticas comerciales. Se ha optado por un enfoque comparativo en el documento para comprender mejor el &aacute;mbito de aplicaci&oacute;n y el contenido de la Directiva de la UE, contrast&aacute;ndolo con el &aacute;mbito de aplicaci&oacute;n de las medidas nacionales de transposici&oacute;n. Este art&iacute;culo resulta oportuno porque la Comisi&oacute;n Europea debe llevar a cabo una primera evaluaci&oacute;n de la Directiva en noviembre de 2025. El resultado del an&aacute;lisis es que algunos Estados miembros de la UE han adoptado normas nacionales que van m&aacute;s all&aacute; del &aacute;mbito de aplicaci&oacute;n de la Directiva. En opini&oacute;n del autor, la protecci&oacute;n que la Directiva de la UE otorga a los proveedores no debe extenderse por analog&iacute;a a los compradores. Por otra parte, se recomienda ajustarse lo m&aacute;s posible a los umbrales de volumen de negocios establecidos en la Directiva de la UE. Por consiguiente, el autor concluye que el planteamiento adoptado por los Pa&iacute;ses Bajos con respecto a la transposici&oacute;n de la Directiva a su legislaci&oacute;n nacional es el m&aacute;s adecuado.</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-28:/283860</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.2 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026018" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Tokenized Succession: Inheritance of DLT-Based Digital Assets in the European Legal Order [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The inheritance of distributed ledger technology (DLT)-based digital assets &ndash; such as cryptocurrenci...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>The inheritance of distributed ledger technology (DLT)-based digital assets &ndash; such as cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and tokenized claims &ndash; poses a formidable challenge to traditional civil law succession frameworks. Unlike conventional property, these digital assets are characterized by decentralization, pseudonymity, immutability and self-custody, features that complicate both their legal classification and their practical transmission upon death. This article critically examines whether and how European civil law systems can adapt to the inheritance of such assets. The study begins by defining DLT-based digital assets and situating them within the broader spectrum of digital property, before turning to their unique technological features and implications for patrimonial law. Two core succession modalities &ndash; testate and intestate inheritance &ndash; are assessed, revealing both structural limitations and procedural blind spots in dealing with blockchain-based assets. Traditional wills often fail to provide adequate access instructions, while smart contracts and blockchain-based estate planning mechanisms remain legally unrecognized and technologically immature. The article also evaluates the limits of current EU regulation, particularly Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR), which, despite offering robust oversight for crypto-asset services, remains silent on inheritance, leaving the issue to divergent national regimes. Ultimately, the article calls for doctrinal and regulatory recalibration to align succession law with the operational realities of decentralized technology, ensuring digital patrimony can be effectively transmitted in the 21st century.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: L&rsquo;h&eacute;ritage des actifs num&eacute;riques fond&eacute;s sur la technologie des registres distribu&eacute;s (DLT) &ndash; tels que les cryptomonnaies, les NFT et les droits tokenis&eacute;s &ndash; pose un d&eacute;fi majeur aux cadres traditionnels du droit civil de la succession. Contrairement aux biens conventionnels, ces actifs se caract&eacute;risent par leur d&eacute;centralization, leur pseudonymat, leur immutabilit&eacute; et leur autod&eacute;tention, autant de traits qui compliquent &agrave; la fois leur qualification juridique et leur transmission effective au d&eacute;c&egrave;s du titulaire. Cet article examine de mani&egrave;re critique si, et comment, les syst&egrave;mes de droit civil europ&eacute;ens peuvent s&rsquo;adapter &agrave; la transmission de tels actifs. L&rsquo;&eacute;tude d&eacute;bute par une d&eacute;finition des actifs num&eacute;riques bas&eacute;s sur la DLT et les situe dans le spectre plus large des biens num&eacute;riques, avant d&rsquo;analyser leurs caract&eacute;ristiques technologiques sp&eacute;cifiques et leurs implications pour le droit patrimonial. Les deux modalit&eacute;s principales de succession &ndash; testamentaire et ab intestat &ndash; sont analys&eacute;es, r&eacute;v&eacute;lant des limites structurelles et des angles morts proc&eacute;duraux face aux actifs blockchainis&eacute;s. Les testaments traditionnels omettent souvent de fournir les informations n&eacute;cessaires &agrave; l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s, tandis que les contrats intelligents et autres dispositifs successoraux num&eacute;riques demeurent juridiquement non reconnus et technologiquement immatures. L&rsquo;article &eacute;value &eacute;galement les limites de la r&eacute;glementation europ&eacute;enne actuelle, en particulier MiCAR, qui, bien qu&rsquo;elle encadre rigoureusement les services li&eacute;s aux crypto-actifs, reste silencieuse sur la question successorale, la renvoyant aux r&eacute;gimes nationaux. En conclusion, &rsquo;&eacute;tude appelle &agrave; une r&eacute;vision doctrinale et r&eacute;glementaire afin d&rsquo;aligner le droit des successions sur les r&eacute;alit&eacute;s op&eacute;rationnelles des technologies d&eacute;centralis&eacute;es, et de garantir la transmissibilit&eacute; effective du patrimoine num&eacute;rique au XXI&#7497; si&egrave;cle.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Die Vererbung von digitalen Verm&ouml;genswerten auf Basis von Distributed-Ledger-Technologie (DLT) &ndash; wie Kryptow&auml;hrungen, NFTs und tokenisierten Forderungen &ndash; stellt eine erhebliche Herausforderung f&uuml;r die traditionellen zivilrechtlichen Erbrechtsordnungen dar. Anders als konventionelles Eigentum zeichnen sich diese digitalen Verm&ouml;genswerte durch Dezentralisierung, Pseudonymit&auml;t, Unver&auml;nderlichkeit und Selbstverwahrung aus &ndash; Eigenschaften, die sowohl ihre rechtliche Einordnung als auch ihre praktische &Uuml;bertragbarkeit im Todesfall erschweren. Dieser Beitrag untersucht kritisch, ob und wie sich die zivilrechtlichen Systeme Europas an die Vererbung solcher Verm&ouml;genswerte anpassen k&ouml;nnen. Die Analyse beginnt mit einer Definition DLT-basierter digitaler Verm&ouml;genswerte und ordnet sie in das weitere Spektrum digitaler Eigentumsformen ein, bevor sie deren technologische Besonderheiten und deren Auswirkungen auf das Verm&ouml;gensrecht beleuchtet. Die zwei zentralen Erbformen &ndash; testamentarische und gesetzliche Erbfolge &ndash; werden analysiert und offenbaren sowohl strukturelle Schw&auml;chen als auch verfahrensrechtliche Defizite im Umgang mit blockchainbasierten Verm&ouml;genswerten. Herk&ouml;mmliche Testamente bieten oft keine hinreichenden Zugangsanweisungen, w&auml;hrend Smart Contracts und blockchainbasierte Nachlassmechanismen rechtlich nicht anerkannt und technisch noch unreif sind. Der Beitrag beleuchtet zudem die Grenzen der aktuellen EURegulierung, insbesondere MiCAR, die zwar robuste Aufsichtsstrukturen f&uuml;r KryptoDienstleistungen etabliert, aber zur Erbfolge schweigt und die Problematik nationalen Regelungen &uuml;berl&auml;sst. Abschlie&szlig;end pl&auml;diert der Beitrag f&uuml;r eine dogmatische und regulatorische Neuausrichtung des Erbrechts, um den Anforderungen dezentraler Technologien gerecht zu werden und die effektive &Uuml;bertragbarkeit digitalen Verm&ouml;gens im 21. Jahrhundert sicherzustellen.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: La herencia de los activos digitales basados en tecnolog&iacute;a de registros distribuidos (DLT), como las criptomonedas, los NFT y los derechos tokenizados, plantea un desaf&iacute;o formidable para los marcos tradicionales del derecho sucesorio civil. A diferencia de los bienes convencionales, estos activos digitales se caracterizan por la descentralizaci&oacute;n, la seudonimidad, la inmutabilidad y la autocustodia, rasgos que complican tanto su clasificaci&oacute;n jur&iacute;dica como su transmisi&oacute;n pr&aacute;ctica tras el fallecimiento. Este art&iacute;culo examina cr&iacute;ticamente si, y de qu&eacute; manera, los sistemas de derecho civil europeos pueden adaptarse a la herencia de tales activos. El estudio comienza definiendo los activos digitales basados en DLT y situ&aacute;ndolos dentro del espectro m&aacute;s amplio de la propiedad digital, para luego analizar sus caracter&iacute;sticas tecnol&oacute;gicas &uacute;nicas y sus implicaciones para el derecho patrimonial. Se eval&uacute;an dos modalidades sucesorias fundamentales &ndash; la sucesi&oacute;n testada y la intestada&mdash;, que revelan limitaciones estructurales y vac&iacute;os procedimentales en el tratamiento de los activos basados en blockchain. Los testamentos tradicionales a menudo no proporcionan instrucciones de acceso adecuadas, mientras que los contratos inteligentes y otros mecanismos de planificaci&oacute;n sucesoria basados en blockchain siguen sin reconocimiento jur&iacute;dico y se encuentran en una etapa tecnol&oacute;gica inmadura. El art&iacute;culo tambi&eacute;n analiza los l&iacute;mites de la regulaci&oacute;n vigente de la Uni&oacute;n Europea, en particular el Reglamento MiCAR, que, a pesar de ofrecer una supervisi&oacute;n s&oacute;lida de los servicios de criptoactivos, guarda silencio respecto a la herencia, dejando la cuesti&oacute;n en manos de reg&iacute;menes nacionales divergentes. En &uacute;ltima instancia, el art&iacute;culo aboga por una recalibraci&oacute;n doctrinal y regulatoria que alinee el derecho sucesorio con las realidades operativas de la tecnolog&iacute;a descentralizada, garantizando que el patrimonio digital pueda transmitirse de manera efectiva en el siglo XXI.</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-04-08T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283693</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/340/8512220?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">GEMA v. OpenAI: The Munich Regional Court Presents an Exemplary Judgment on a Well Conceived Test Case</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThe judgment presented here, GEMA v. OpenAI, has raised considerable attention. It is the fi...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>The judgment presented here, <span>GEMA v. OpenAI</span>, has raised considerable attention. It is the first case concerning reproductions in an AI model and uses in the output of a chatbot based thereon. For this carefully prepared test case, GEMA had secured the rights for nine song lyrics, exercised the opt-out, and obtained through simple prompts copies or only slightly modified copies of those lyrics. The Munich Regional Court held that this output clearly proved that reproductions were contained in the model and that the lyrics were reproduced and made available to the public in the output. Since none of the reproductions served an automated analysis as described in the definition of text and data mining, the mere wording excluded the application of the TDM exception; importantly, the Court also stressed the rationale of the TDM exception, which was to allow only a mere analysis, which does not affect the authors&rsquo; exploitation interests. The Court also established convincingly that it was the defendant rather than the user of the chatbot who had performed these relevant acts and was thus directly liable, so that the criteria for intermediaries&rsquo; indirect liability could not be applied, and OpenAI is liable for injunction, damages and information on the use. It is to be hoped that the higher instance courts will follow this straightforward interpretation and lead to a much-needed clarification of the existing law, while, in parallel, new legislation as proposed by the European Parliament should re-establish meaningful and working authors&rsquo; rights for GenAI uses.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-03-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283694</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/352/8488749?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">New Trends in the Fight Against Sports Piracy</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThis report examines emerging trends in the fight against sports event piracy within the Eur...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>This report examines emerging trends in the fight against sports event piracy within the European Union. Despite ongoing regulatory and technological efforts, current anti-piracy measures have proven only partially effective, largely due to the evolving nature of digital dissemination and the increasing sophistication of infringing networks. In response, new approaches are being developed across different jurisdictions. Italy has introduced Piracy Shield, an automated system designed to implement blocking measures swiftly and efficiently. In France, rightsholders have expanded their enforcement efforts by directing actions against intermediaries beyond traditional internet service providers, such as content delivery networks and virtual private networks. In parallel, both countries have strategies aimed at improving legal content accessibility through innovative distribution models that challenge established industry practices can be appreciated. By analyzing these developments, the paper seeks to identify the emerging directions and potential effectiveness of these initiatives in shaping the future of anti-piracy enforcement in the sports broadcasting sector.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-02-17T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-02-17T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283695</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/371/8466673?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Copyright Infringement in Form of a Reproduction of Preexisting Works in a Large Language Model</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Directive 2001/29/EC, Recitals 5, 21, Arts. 2, 3(1), 5(2)(b), 5(3)(d), (i) and (k); Directive (EU) 2...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Directive 2001/29/EC, Recitals 5, 21, Arts. 2, 3(1), 5(2)(b), 5(3)(d), (i) and (k); Directive (EU) 2019/790, Recitals 3, 8 and 18, Arts. 2(1), (2), 4; Copyright Act, Secs. 2(1) No. 1, 15(1), (2), 16, 19a, 23(1), 44b, 51, 51a, 53, 57, 60(d), 97(1), 100 and 101(1) &ndash; <strong>GEMA v OpenAI</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-02-07T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-02-07T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283696</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/329/8438581?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Breeding the Winning Unicorn: Spin-Offs and Technology Transfer in the US, Italy, and the UK</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThe legal frameworks governing academic spin-offs and technology transfer (&lsquo;TT&rsquo;) have become...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>The legal frameworks governing academic spin-offs and technology transfer (&lsquo;TT&rsquo;) have become a central element in assessing the capacity of entrepreneurial universities to contribute to innovation-driven growth. This article provides a comparative examination of the regulatory approaches adopted in Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom. A first set of findings concerns the structural divergence between systems. The US model, grounded in the Bayh-Dole Act, has established a coherent and predictable regime for allocating intellectual property rights, incentivizing public-private collaboration, and enabling universities to develop effective TT practices. The UK has progressively embraced similar mechanisms, achieving a relatively mature environment for academic entrepreneurship. By contrast, the Italian framework remains fragmented and less conducive to the development of scalable spin-offs, notwithstanding recent institutional efforts to strengthen TT offices and support research valorization. A further point of analysis involves the governance of conflicts of interest arising from dual academic-entrepreneurial roles. These issues are addressed through heterogeneous internal regulations, whose effectiveness varies considerably across systems and has direct implications for the credibility and operability of TT processes. Overall, the comparative assessment underscores that the coherence, accessibility, and institutional robustness of TT regulation are decisive factors for the emergence of university-born scale-ups and unicorns. The article therefore poses a decisive question: what breakthroughs &ndash; and what high-growth ventures &ndash; are being lost when legal and institutional frameworks are not yet configured to let scientific excellence evolve into global entrepreneurial success?</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-22T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-01-22T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283697</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/359/8438578?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Individual Exploitation of Jointly Owned Patents</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Code of Industrial Property, Arts. 6 and 20; Civil Code, Arts. 1102, 1105 and 1108 &ndash; 4Ocean</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Code of Industrial Property, Arts. 6 and 20; Civil Code, Arts. 1102, 1105 and 1108 &ndash; <strong>4Ocean</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-22T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-01-22T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283698</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/346/8438577?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Conference Report: Zurich IP Retreat 2025 – Small Steps or Giant Leap? Requirements and Scope of Protection in IP Law</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThis conference report summarizes the discussions of the Zurich IP Retreat 2025, which exami...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>This conference report summarizes the discussions of the Zurich IP Retreat 2025, which examined the relationship between the requirements for obtaining intellectual property protection and the corresponding scope of protection across different IP regimes. Through panels dedicated to patent, copyright, design, trademark, and unfair competition law, speakers explored whether symmetry between protection thresholds and enforcement standards exists &ndash; and whether it should. Drawing on comparative perspectives from Swiss, EU, and UK law, the retreat highlighted both doctrinal convergences and persistent asymmetries, particularly in areas involving functional subject matter and evolving market realities. The report captures key insights, case law references, and open questions that emerged from the debates, offering a structured overview of current challenges and future directions in IP law.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-22T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-01-22T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283699</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/366/8429852?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">When a Trade Mark Nullity Claim Is Not Subject to a Limitation Period</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Art. 6bis(3); Law No. 9,279/96, Art. 174...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Art. 6<sup>bis</sup>(3); Law No. 9,279/96, Art. 174 &ndash; <strong>Chiquititas</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-19T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-01-19T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283700</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/317/8418124?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Curse of Originality and the Aesthetics of Retrowave: Ending the Same Old Copyright War</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractCourts have long grappled with determining the originality and relevant infringement issues ...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>Courts have long grappled with determining the originality and relevant infringement issues of musical works across various genres. The same old &lsquo;war&rsquo; between copyright regulation and music creation has extended to retrowave music since 2021, as seen in the <span>NinjA Cyborg v. Rammstein</span> lawsuit. Retrowave is a microgenre distinguished by its aesthetics of retrospection, nostalgia, and retrofuturism, and by &lsquo;music references&rsquo; to 1980s films and arcade games. This aesthetic paradox does not appear to be readily reconcilable with the originality requirement in copyright law, which in turn acts like a &lsquo;curse&rsquo; that entangles musicians in protracted litigation. Through the lens of the <span>NinjA</span> lawsuit, this piece examines the complicated interplay between copyright law and retrowave music creation &ndash; specifically, between the originality requirement and retrowave aesthetics. It argues that current juridical practice has not adequately accounted for retrowave aesthetics in determining originality; the two are not inherently incompatible but rather amenable to reconciliation. Accordingly, the piece proposes concrete suggestions aimed at reconciling the two, with a further view to enabling copyright law to fulfil its commitment to protecting original expression and fostering the vitality of music creation. While the analysis focuses primarily on EU and French copyright law, under which the <span>NinjA</span> case is adjudicated, it also compares relevant laws and cases from Germany, the US, and the UK. The arguments developed are applicable within these legal frameworks and offer a basis for ending the same old copyright war that affects not only retrowave but also other musical genres.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-01-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283701</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/393/8418123?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Anticompetitive Agreements Restricting Parallel Imports and Passive Sales of Spare Parts</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Arts. 101 and 102; Commission Regulation (EU) No. 3...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Arts. 101 and 102; Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010, Arts. 3 and 4(b); Danish Competition Act, Secs. 6 and 11 &ndash; <strong>Deutz</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-01-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283702</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/307/8362841?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Role of Latin America as a Jurisdiction for Global Sep Litigation: A Comparison with Global Trends</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThis article explores the emerging role of Latin America as a forum for global litigation ov...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>This article explores the emerging role of Latin America as a forum for global litigation over standard-essential patents (SEPs), particularly in the context of preliminary injunctions and fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing commitments. Traditionally peripheral in international patent enforcement, jurisdictions such as Brazil and Colombia have gained strategic importance as SEP holders increasingly seek product injunctions in these venues to exert leverage in global disputes. The article provides a comparative assessment of how courts in the two countries have handled SEP related claims, highlighting a discernible shift from automatic injunctions toward a more balanced, FRAND sensitive adjudication framework. The study argues that while Latin America continues to serve as a &lsquo;pressure jurisdiction&rsquo; in SEP disputes, its courts and administrative bodies are aligning with global trends that emphasize proportionality, public interest, and regulatory scrutiny concerning product injunctions. This transformation offers important lessons for international observers and policymakers seeking to understand how emerging jurisdictions adapt global doctrines to local legal and institutional contexts.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-12-02T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-12-02T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-26:/283703</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/4/305/8362509?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Reflections on Inclusion of New EU Legislation in the UPC</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This editorial is intended to raise awareness about the complexities that will be faced by the Unifi...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>This editorial is intended to raise awareness about the complexities that will be faced by the Unified Patent Court (UPC, or the Court) and the Contracting Member States (CMSs) when new EU legislation is enacted. In some instances, EU law relevant for the UPC can be considered a seamless part of the UPC package; in other cases, it will require implementation or appropriate codification. Late, absent or incorrect implementation is a frequent occurrence among EU Member States, and legislative changes can be more difficult, or at least more time-consuming for the UPC than for individual Member States. This in turn raises the question of the obligations of the UPC if new EU legislation is not implemented. A closely related question is to what extent issues can be resolved by references for preliminary rulings to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-12-02T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-12-02T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-21:/283209</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iir.70035?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Soft law, hard choices: Lessons from India&#039;s cross‐border insolvency protocols</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (Model Law) has been accepted as a solut...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>The UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (Model Law) has been accepted as a solution to harmonize international insolvency practices. However, its limited adoption and inconsistent interpretation by the Courts have hindered its effectiveness. Amid the uncertainty, the use of contractual arrangements and the adoption of insolvency protocols have emerged as viable alternatives to address these gaps. India Inc., too, faces challenges due to a lack of statutory clarity under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. While recent legislative proposals aim to incorporate substantive provisions on cross-border insolvency, uncertainty persists over procedural aspects. Drawing from key cases such as <i>Macfadyen &amp; Co</i>. and <i>Jet Airways</i>, the article highlights how contractual arrangements and court-to-court cooperation can facilitate innovative solutions despite the absence of a formal legal framework in India. The article argues for a balanced approach that retains procedural rigour while enabling flexibility to resolve complex cross-border disputes by use of the inherent power of the court. By leveraging judicial creativity, India can develop a robust cross-border insolvency regime that promotes cooperation, creditor protection, and economic efficiency. The paper concludes that the inherent jurisdiction of courts serves as a critical doctrinal tool in cross-border insolvency, enabling the judiciary to facilitate cooperation in complex transnational disputes. Even with the prospective adoption of the Model Law, the inherent jurisdiction of courts will remain indispensable in resolving disputes involving jurisdictions that have yet to implement the Model Law.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-20T13:34:14+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Alok Verma</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-20T13:34:14+00:00</updated>
		<title>International Insolvency Review</title></source>

	<category term="research article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-20:/283135</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iir.70032?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Challenging assumptions about American and Canadian consumer bankruptcy online education models</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
Bankruptcy counselling and debtor education (which can now occur online) have been linked ...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>Bankruptcy counselling and debtor education (which can now occur online) have been linked to recidivism rates. But there is little research on online service delivery related to credit counselling and little empirical evidence on the effectiveness of short-duration, online bankruptcy modules or courses. This research commentary explores assumptions surrounding American and Canadian online bankruptcy education models with a focus on factors that might shape the effectiveness of online delivery and improve consumer self-efficacy to reduce recidivism. After describing both models, the discussion turns to the effectiveness of online delivery models in general, bankrupts assuming responsibility for self-directed learning, assumptions around both their readiness and motivation for e-learning, e-learning under stress, senior e-learners, and assessing successful online learning. The intent is to stimulate future research on this under-researched aspect of the insolvency phenomenon.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-19T11:35:55+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Sue L. T. McGregor</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-19T11:35:55+00:00</updated>
		<title>International Insolvency Review</title></source>

	<category term="research article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-20:/283136</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iir.70033?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The butterfly effect of civil procedure law revision on cross‐border bankruptcies in China</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
China enacted an amendment to its Civil Procedure Law in 2023, which contains several new ...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>China enacted an amendment to its Civil Procedure Law in 2023, which contains several new provisions regarding the jurisdiction and the judgement enforcement of foreign-related cases. Given that there is only one provision on cross-border bankruptcies within the Chinese Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, the new provisions within the amendment to the Civil Procedure Law can play a complementary role in several aspects such as jurisdiction and recognition of cross-border bankruptcy. Firstly, the liquidation of a corporation registered in China is subject to compulsory jurisdiction in the country, as established under the exclusive jurisdiction rule. Secondly, proper connection and <i>forum non conveniens</i> rules could potentially expand the Chinese courts' jurisdiction over bankruptcy-derived suits. Lastly, the revision of the rules pertaining to refusal of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements offers increased opportunities for the recognition of cross-border bankruptcy proceedings and judgements in China.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-19T10:00:47+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Xiaoxiao Zhang, 
Fuyong Ou</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-19T10:00:47+00:00</updated>
		<title>International Insolvency Review</title></source>

	<category term="research article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-18:/282968</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70020?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Do deepfakes, digital replicas and human digital twins justify personality rights?</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
Unauthorised deepfakes are deeply problematic, from the spreading of misinformation to non...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>Unauthorised deepfakes are deeply problematic, from the spreading of misinformation to non-consensual pornographic content. This paper asks whether deepfakes, digital replicas and human digital twins justify personality rights. To address this question, it examines the harms that deepfakes can cause through disinformation, demeaning content and displacing creative workers. It demonstrates that the current UK legal patchwork of passing off, intellectual property, defamation, and criminal laws do not adequately address these harms. Therefore, it proposes the introduction of personality rights into UK law, in the form of an automatic unwaivable personality right for 70 years after the death of the person, with appropriate exceptions to protect freedom of expression. Deepfakes are the hinges on which to open the door of personality rights in the UK, for protection against the harms of unauthorised digital replicas.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-18T07:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Hayleigh Bosher</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-18T07:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-11:/282218</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70017?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Issue Information</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The Journal of World Intellectual Property, Volume 29, Issue 1, Page 1-1, March 2026.</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The Journal of World Intellectual Property, Volume 29, Issue 1, Page 1-1, March 2026.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-10T10:52:23+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-10T10:52:23+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="issue information"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-03-08:/281915</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70018?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Influence and convergence to higher standards: The dual examination of pharmaceutical patents in Brazil</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
Between 2001 and 2021, pharmaceutical patent applications filed in Brazil were examined by...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>Between 2001 and 2021, pharmaceutical patent applications filed in Brazil were examined by the patent office (INPI) and the national health regulator (Anvisa). This paper investigates how health regulators can contribute to patent examination by shifting the set of criteria cited as grounds for 2589 negative decisions from both entities. Initially, the INPI focused on the traditional criteria of novelty, inventiveness and industrial applicability, while Anvisa adopted a more diverse approach and cited invention description most often. Over time, the entities converged to higher citation rates, with more criteria being considered relevant, indicating greater examination rigour. The most significant shift was the INPI's decisions becoming closer to Anvisa's than to its own previous decisions, and this paper provides concrete evidence of Anvisa influencing changes in the INPI's guidelines. Once Anvisa's main contribution became non-binding opinions, this policy's stability and enforcement were strengthened, and having both entities became almost symbiotic or mutually nutritious. Still, the lack of clarity about shared responsibilities and the intense debate that ensued have made implementing this multi-entity policy even more complex. Thus, this paper provides lessons about the dual examination system and similar policies as flexibilities within the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-08T09:24:22+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Eduardo Mercadante</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-03-08T09:24:22+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-24:/280742</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iir.70028?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Insolvency‐related foreign judgements in Nigeria: Contextualising English legal influence and comparative analysis of the UNCITRAL regime</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has produced the most ...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has produced the most robust international insolvency regime applicable to countries around the world. The Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (1997) is widely accepted and already very popular among African countries. UNCITRAL adopted two other model laws: (1) the Model Law on Recognition and Enforcement of Insolvency-Related Judgments (2018); and (2) the Model Law on Enterprise Group Insolvency (2019). Nigeria has neither adopted the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (MLCBI) nor any other relevant international instrument despite the importance of cross-border insolvencies and their economic implications. The United Kingdom, even before Brexit, adopted a narrow approach to the MLCBI which poses challenges for former English colonies that may be inclined to the influence of English legal tradition and judicial influence. The Model Law on Recognition and Enforcement of Insolvency-Related Judgments (MLIJ) provides an opportunity to identify and analyse issues that the Nigerian legislator should consider in exploring options to facilitate the recognition and enforcement of obligations arising from insolvency-related judgements. This article provides an analytical overview of the legal regime and delimits the scope of existing frameworks. There is a comparative assessment of whether any interpretive scope for comity exists in the applicable regime, considering the MLIJ's aim of promoting comity and cooperation between jurisdictions. The article examines how relevant UNCITRAL jurisprudence can support legislative development&mdash;including how the legislator can manage comity challenges considering relevant tests under the MLIJ. Other countries in a similar position as Nigeria will benefit from the analysis and recommendations in this article.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-02-24T06:39:03+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Pontian N. Okoli</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10991107?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-02-24T06:39:03+00:00</updated>
		<title>International Insolvency Review</title></source>

	<category term="research article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-19:/280309</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70016?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Whose knowledge, whose cure? traditional medicine and the boundaries of WIPO&#039;s 2024 genetic resources treaty</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
Traditional medicine&mdash;including complementary, integrative, Indigenous, and ancestral pract...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>Traditional medicine&mdash;including complementary, integrative, Indigenous, and ancestral practices&mdash;remains a vital source of healthcare for billions worldwide, particularly in the Global South. Despite its widespread use and biomedical relevance, traditional medicinal knowledge has long been excluded from dominant intellectual property systems shaped by Western legal traditions. This exclusion has enabled persistent biopiracy and inequitable commercialization of community-held knowledge. The 2024 WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Associated Traditional Knowledge marks a historic attempt to address these imbalances. It introduces mandatory disclosure of origin in patent applications and reaffirms the role of the intellectual property system in promoting innovation, knowledge transfer, and economic development&mdash;to the mutual benefit of providers and users of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. However, the treaty's effectiveness remains uncertain due to its narrow scope, vague provisions, and reliance on national implementation. While analyses of the WIPO Treaty have largely focused on its disclosure requirements, legal enforceability, and implications for patent systems, relatively little attention has been paid to the treaty's implications for traditional medicines. Yet, traditional medicines represent one of the most significant areas where genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge intersect in practice. This paper critically evaluates the treaty's potential and limitations as applied to traditional medicine and advocates for a more justice-oriented, health-aligned IP framework&mdash;one that centres Indigenous values, ensures equitable governance, and protects traditional medicine.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-02-18T08:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Tolulope Anthony Adekola</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-02-18T08:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-18:/280214</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70015?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Geographical indication landscape in India: Suggestions and way forward</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
Intellectual property (IP) is a loose cluster of rights. Every IP possesses unique charact...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>Intellectual property (IP) is a loose cluster of rights. Every IP possesses unique characteristics. The same is true for Geographical Indication (GI). GI encompasses goods associated with the respective territory that have gained a reputation over the period of time. Because of this reputation, corresponding goods have captured the market. Therefore, from an economic perspective, GI protection becomes necessary. GI is not an individual right but a cumulative or community right. The local people typically produce the goods. These local people are involved in manufacturing, production, sale, and so on. This makes GI a model for regional growth, providing economic and growth opportunities to the local people. GI also stands in contrast to traditional knowledge (TK). Though limited, this contrast carries its own significance. It plays a significant role in preserving TK and enhancing its economic potential. The academic discourse reveals that GI may have more potential than initially thought. A robust and effective GI regime can extract the potential. The GI landscape in India indicates that significant planning is necessary to get the most out of it. The paper discusses the GI regime in India, contrasting it with the GI regime in the European Union (EU). The paper suggests means and measures that may be beneficial for establishing a robust GI regime in India. The paper also makes other important points, like the &ldquo;advantages of GI,&rdquo; &ldquo;the association of GI with TK,&rdquo; and &ldquo;perceiving the GI landscape.&rdquo; The theme of the paper inherently postulates this articulation and the arguments it advances, as and when applicable.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-02-17T10:06:48+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Parveen Yadav</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-02-17T10:06:48+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-06:/279106</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.1 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026003" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Transparency and Judicial Oversight in ThirdParty Litigation Funding in Europe: Regulatory Approaches and Market Perspectives [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The regulation of third-party litigation funding (TPLF) is a pressing issue in EU civil justice, wit...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>The regulation of third-party litigation funding (TPLF) is a pressing issue in EU civil justice, with transparency and disclosure being at the heart of legal and policy debates. Transparency enhances judicial oversight, prevents conflicts of interest, and promotes market efficiency, yet it also raises concerns about increased litigation costs and potential barriers to access to justice. While the European Parliament&rsquo;s 2022 Draft Directive proposes strict governance and disclosure requirements, soft law initiatives, such as the European Law Institute (ELI) Principles, take a more flexible approach. National frameworks, in particular the Dutch system, demonstrate how courts can balance oversight with practical adaptability, often requiring adjustments to litigation funding agreements (LFAs) rather than outright rejection. The challenge lies in finding a regulatory equilibrium that safeguards fairness without deterring funders from the EU market. With the possible European Commission&rsquo;s follow-up of the Mapping Study on TPLF set to influence future reforms, this paper explores the procedural implications of transparency, conflicts of interest, and judicial review.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: La r&eacute;glementation du financement des litiges par des tiers (&lsquo;third party litigation funding&rsquo;; TPLF) constitue un enjeu crucial pour la justice civile de l&rsquo;UE, la transparence et la divulgation &eacute;tant au c&oelig;ur des d&eacute;bats juridiques et politiques. La transparence renforce le contr&ocirc;le judiciaire, pr&eacute;vient les conflits d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts et favorise l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; du march&eacute;, tout en soulevant des pr&eacute;occupations quant &agrave; l&rsquo;augmentation des co&ucirc;ts des litiges et aux obstacles potentiels &agrave; l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; la justice. Alors que le projet de directive du Parlement europ&eacute;en de 2022 propose des exigences strictes en mati&egrave;re de gouvernance et de divulgation, des initiatives de droit souple, comme les Principes de l&rsquo;Institut europ&eacute;en du droit (ELI), adoptent une approche plus flexible. Des cadres nationaux, comme en particulier le syst&egrave;me n&eacute;erlandais, montrent comment les juridictions peuvent &eacute;quilibrer contr&ocirc;le et adaptabilit&eacute; pratique, en exigeant souvent des ajustements des accords de financement des litiges (LFA) plut&ocirc;t qu&rsquo;un rejet pur et simple. Le d&eacute;fi consiste &agrave; trouver un &eacute;quilibre r&eacute;glementaire qui garantisse l&rsquo;&eacute;quit&eacute; sans dissuader les bailleurs de fonds d&rsquo;investir sur le march&eacute; europ&eacute;en. Avec l&rsquo;&eacute;tude de suivi attendue de la Commission europ&eacute;enne sur la Mapping Study concernant le TPLF, qui devrait influencer les r&eacute;formes futures, cet article examine les implications proc&eacute;durales de la transparence, des conflits d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts et du contr&ocirc;le juridictionnel.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Die Regulierung der Prozessfinanzierung durch Dritte (third-party litigation funding; TPLF) ist eine dr&auml;ngende Frage im europ&auml;ischen Ziviljustizsystem, wobei Transparenz und Offenlegung im Zentrum rechtlicher und politischer Debatten stehen. W&auml;hrend Transparenz die gerichtliche Kontrolle st&auml;rkt, Interessenkonflikte vermeidet und die Markteffizienz f&ouml;rdert, sind auch Bedenken hinsichtlich steigender Prozesskosten und potenzieller Zugangsh&uuml;rden zur Justiz nicht zu &uuml;bersehen. Der Entwurf der EU-Richtlinie des Europ&auml;ischen Parlaments von 2022 setzt auf strenge Governance- und Offenlegungspflichten, w&auml;hrend Soft-Law-Initiativen wie die Principles des European Law Institute (ELI) einen flexibleren Ansatz verfolgen. Nationale Modelle, etwa das niederl&auml;ndische System, zeigen, wie Gerichte zwischen effektiver Kontrolle und pragmatischer Handhabung abw&auml;gen, indem sie Anpassungen von Prozessfinanzierungsvereinbarungen (LFAs) verlangen, anstatt diese kategorisch abzulehnen. Die Herausforderung liegt darin, ein regulatorisches Gleichgewicht zu finden, das Fairness gew&auml;hrleistet, ohne den europ&auml;ischen Markt f&uuml;r Prozessfinanzierer unattraktiv zu machen. Vor dem Hintergrund eines m&ouml;glichen Folgevorhabens der Europ&auml;ischen Kommission zur Mapping-Studie &uuml;ber TPLF, das voraussichtlich k&uuml;nftige Reformen pr&auml;gen wird, analysiert dieser Beitrag die verfahrensrechtlichen Implikationen von Transparenz, Interessenkonflikten und gerichtlicher Kontrolle.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: La regulaci&oacute;n de la financiaci&oacute;n comercial de litigios por terceros es un asunto candente de la justicia civil europea, con especial &eacute;nfasis en la transparencia y los deberes de informaci&oacute;n. Aunque la transparencia favorece el control judicial, previene los conflictos de inter&eacute;s y promueve la eficiencia del mercado, tambi&eacute;n suscita dudas en relaci&oacute;n con el aumento de los costes de litigaci&oacute;n y las posibles barreras al acceso a la justicia. Mientras que la propuesta de Directiva del Parlamento Europeo de 2022 propugna unos requisitos estrictos de gobernanza e informaci&oacute;n, las iniciativas de soft law, como los Principios elaborados por el Instituto de Derecho Europeo (ELI), se muestran m&aacute;s flexibles. Las legislaciones nacionales, en particular la neerlandesa, demuestran como los tribunales pueden encontrar un equilibrio entre el control y la adaptaci&oacute;n al caso concreto, optando m&aacute;s por requerir ajustes en los acuerdos de financiaci&oacute;n de la litigaci&oacute;n que por rechazarlos de plano. El reto radica en hallar un equilibrio en la regulaci&oacute;n que garantice la honradez sin expulsar del mercado europeo a los financiadores. Ante la posibilidad de que el seguimiento por la Comisi&oacute;n Europea del Mapping Study sobre la financiaci&oacute;n comercial de litigios por terceros despliegue su influencia en reformas futuras, este art&iacute;culo explora las implicaciones procesales a nivel de transparencia, conflictos de inter&eacute;s y supervisi&oacute;n judicial.</i></p><div><br></div>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-06:/279107</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.1 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026004" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Economics of Litigation Financing [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Third-party litigation financing (TPLF) involves an external party funding a legal claim, taking on ...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>Third-party litigation financing (TPLF) involves an external party funding a legal claim, taking on the risk of loss in exchange for a share of any potential recovery. As European regulators prepare to establish a common regulatory framework for third-party litigation financing, this article draws on existing law and economics literature to examine the unique characteristics of third-party litigation financing, vis-a-vis other forms of financial support of litigation. Our findings highlight the strengths and weaknesses of different litigation-financing mechanisms in promoting socially desirable levels of litigation, adding a political economy perspective to the ongoing debates on the issue.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Le financement de litiges par des tiers (TPLF) suppose qu&rsquo;une partie externe finance une proc&eacute;dure judiciaire et assume le risque de perdre la proc&eacute;dure en &eacute;change d&rsquo;une part de l&rsquo;&eacute;ventuel recouvrement. Alors que les r&eacute;gulateurs europ&eacute;ens pr&eacute;parent l&rsquo;&eacute;tablissement d&rsquo;un cadre r&eacute;glementaire commun concernant le financement de litiges par des tiers, le pr&eacute;sent article s&rsquo;inspire de la litt&eacute;rature juridique et &eacute;conomique existante pour examiner les caract&eacute;ristiques sp&eacute;cifiques du financement de litiges par des tiers par rapport &agrave; d&rsquo;autres formes de support financier de contentieux. Nos conclusions soulignent les forces et les faiblesses de diff&eacute;rents m&eacute;canismes de financement de litiges pour promouvoir des niveaux de litiges socialement souhaitables, ajoutant une perspective politico-&eacute;conomique aux d&eacute;bats en cours sur cette question.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Bei der Prozessfinanzierung durch Dritte finanziert eine externe Partei (TPLF) eine rechtliche Anspruchsdurchsetzung und &uuml;bernimmt das Verlustrisiko im Austausch f&uuml;r einen Anteil an einer m&ouml;glichen Entsch&auml;digung. W&auml;hrend sich die europ&auml;ischen Regulierungsbeh&ouml;rden darauf vorbereiten, einen gemeinsamen Rechtsrahmen f&uuml;r die Prozessfinanzierung durch Dritte zu schaffen, untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag anhand der bestehenden Rechts- und Wirtschaftsliteratur die besonderen Merkmale der Prozessfinanzierung durch Dritte im Vergleich zu anderen Formen der finanziellen Unterst&uuml;tzung von Rechtsstreitigkeiten. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen die St&auml;rken und Schw&auml;chen verschiedener Prozessfinanzierungsmechanismen f&uuml;r die F&ouml;rderung eines sozial w&uuml;nschenswerten Niveaus an Rechtsstreitigkeiten auf und erg&auml;nzen die laufenden Debatten zu diesem Thema um eine polit&ouml;konomische Perspektive.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: La financiaci&oacute;n de litigios por terceros (TPLF) supone que alguien ajeno al proceso financia un pleito, asumiendo el riesgo de la desestimaci&oacute;n de la demanda a cambio de una participaci&oacute;n en la cuant&iacute;a de la condena obtenida si se vence. Puesto que el legislador europeo prepara un marco normativo que regule la financiaci&oacute;n de litigios, este art&iacute;culo se basa en el law and economics para examinar los rasgos distintivos de esta financiaci&oacute;n en relaci&oacute;n con otras formas de apoyo a la litigaci&oacute;n. Los resultados que se alcanzan subrayan las fortalezas y debilidades de los diversos mecanismos de financiaci&oacute;n en la promoci&oacute;n de los niveles socialmente deseables de litigaci&oacute;n, con el prop&oacute;sito de a&ntilde;adir una perspectiva econ&oacute;mica en el debate actual</i></p><p><br></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-06:/279108</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.1 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026005" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Controlling Third-Party Litigation Funding in the EU: The Regulative Force of Soft Law [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The question of how to regulate third party litigation funding (TPLF) presupposes a series of interw...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>The question of how to regulate third party litigation funding (TPLF) presupposes a series of interwoven and underlying questions that ask which regulatory framework is best capable of promoting access to citizens&rsquo; justice, ethically regulating the conduct of funders, and protecting funders and beneficiaries so as to foster confidence in the TPLF mechanism.</i></p><p><i>The first issue is whether to even impose regulation. The US and EU have common concerns and exhibit a certain hostility towards TPLF. Although all anti-TPLF arguments must be addressed carefully, no single argument is particularly rigorous or insurmountable. Conversely, there is evidence regarding the positive effects that TPLF might have on the civil justice system, mainly in improving access to courts.</i></p><p><i>When discussing whether some kind of TPLF control is needed, the range of options goes from a certain inertia (taking no action at all) to prohibition, with various options of moderate or more rigorous regulation falling in-between. Considering that neither a preservation of the status quo nor the total restriction model is a workable answer, one is left to conclude that some kind of intervention is needed.</i></p><p><i>The second issue, then, is just how to regulate. This can also be broken down into a chain of questions, each fraught with difficulty. What would be the rationale behind legal intervention? Would it be better to design strong-mandatory regulation or soft regulation? And if the latter were deemed the more appropriate choice, would mere self-regulation be preferable to co-regulation?</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Le d&eacute;bat sur la mani&egrave;re dont le financement des litiges par des tiers (ci-apr&egrave;s FLTT) devrait &ecirc;tre r&eacute;glement&eacute; pr&eacute;suppose une s&eacute;rie de questions imbriqu&eacute;es, dont le noyau est le suivant: quel cadre r&eacute;glementaire conviendrait le mieux pour r&eacute;glementer le FLTT afin de promouvoir l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; la justice pour les citoyens, de r&eacute;glementer &eacute;thiquement la conduite des bailleurs de fonds, de garantir la protection n&eacute;cessaire des bailleurs de fonds et des b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires d&eacute;sign&eacute;s, et ainsi de promouvoir leur confiance dans cet instrument ?</i></p><p><i>La premi&egrave;re question est de savoir s&rsquo;il faut r&eacute;glementer. Les &Eacute;tats-Unis et l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne partagent des pr&eacute;occupations et une hostilit&eacute; communes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;gard du FLTT. Bien que tous les arguments contre le FLTT doivent &ecirc;tre abord&eacute;s avec soin, il n&rsquo;existe pas d&rsquo;argument rigoureux et insurmontable. Au contraire, il existe des preuves des effets positifs que le FLTT pourrait avoir sur le syst&egrave;me de justice civile, principalement en am&eacute;liorant l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s aux tribunaux.</i></p><p><i>Lorsque l&rsquo;on discute de la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;un certain type de contr&ocirc;le du FLTT, l&rsquo;&eacute;ventail des options va de l&rsquo;inaction &agrave; l&rsquo;interdiction, en passant par des options interm&eacute;diaires, telles qu&rsquo;une approche r&eacute;glementaire mod&eacute;r&eacute;e et une approche r&eacute;glementaire forte. &Eacute;tant donn&eacute; que ni le maintien du statu quo ni les mod&egrave;les de restriction totale ne sont des r&eacute;ponses viables (les raisons sont analys&eacute;es dans l&rsquo;article), la conclusion est qu&rsquo;un certain type d&rsquo;intervention semble n&eacute;cessaire.</i></p><p><i>La deuxi&egrave;me question est donc de savoir comment r&eacute;glementer. Celle-ci, &agrave; son tour, peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;compos&eacute;e en une autre cha&icirc;ne de questions, chacune &eacute;tant sem&eacute;e d&rsquo;emb&ucirc;ches: premi&egrave;rement, quelle serait la raison d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre de l&rsquo;intervention juridique ? Deuxi&egrave;mement, quelle conception r&eacute;glementaire serait la meilleure entre une r&eacute;glementation forte et obligatoire et une r&eacute;glementation souple ? Troisi&egrave;mement, dans ce dernier cas, la simple autor&eacute;gulation serait-elle pr&eacute;f&eacute;rable &agrave; la cor&eacute;gulation ?</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Die Debatte dar&uuml;ber, wie die Drittparteien-Prozessfinanzierung (im Folgenden DPF) reguliert werden sollte, setzt eine Reihe von verschachtelten Fragen voraus, deren Kern die Frage ist, welcher Regulierungsrahmen am besten geeignet w&auml;re, um die DPF zu regulieren, um den Zugang der B&uuml;rger zur Justiz zu f&ouml;rdern, das Verhalten der Geldgeber ethisch zu regulieren, den notwendigen Schutz der Geldgeber und der designierten Beg&uuml;nstigten zu gew&auml;hrleisten und so ihr Vertrauen in dieses Instrument zu st&auml;rken.</i></p><p><i>Die erste Frage ist, ob reguliert werden soll. Die USA und die EU teilen gemeinsame Bedenken und eine gewisse Feindseligkeit gegen&uuml;ber der DPF. Obwohl alle Argumente gegen die DPF sorgf&auml;ltig gepr&uuml;ft werden m&uuml;ssen, gibt es kein rigoroses und un&uuml;berwindbares Argument. Im Gegenteil, es gibt Belege f&uuml;r die positiven Auswirkungen, die die DPF auf das Ziviljustizsystem haben k&ouml;nnte, vor allem bei der Verbesserung des Zugangs zu den Gerichten.</i></p><p><i>ten. Bei der Diskussion dar&uuml;ber, ob eine Art von Kontrolle der DPF notwendig ist, reicht die Palette der Optionen von Unt&auml;tigkeit bis zum Verbot, &uuml;ber Zwischenoptionen wie einen moderaten Regulierungsansatz und einen strengen Regulierungsansatz. Da weder die Beibehaltung des Status quo noch die Modelle der vollst&auml;ndigen Einschr&auml;nkung praktikable Antworten sind (die Gr&uuml;nde werden in der Arbeit analysiert), lautet die Schlussfolgerung, dass eine Art von Intervention notwendig zu sein scheint.</i></p><p><i>Die zweite Frage ist also, wie reguliert werden soll. Auch diese Frage kann wiederum in eine weitere Kette von Fragen zerlegt werden, von denen jede mit Schwierigkeiten behaftet ist: Erstens, was w&auml;re die Begr&uuml;ndung f&uuml;r die rechtliche Intervention? Zweitens, welches Regulierungsdesign w&auml;re besser zwischen einer strengen-obligatorischen Regulierung oder einer weichen Regulierung? Drittens, w&auml;re in letzterem Fall eine blo&szlig;e Selbstregulierung besser als eine Koregulierung?</i></p><p><i>Resumen: C&oacute;mo regular la financiaci&oacute;n de litigios por terceros plantea una serie de cuestiones entrelazadas y subyacentes que suscitan la pregunta de qu&eacute; marco regulatorio es el m&aacute;s adecuado para promover el acceso de los ciudadanos a la justicia, regular &eacute;ticamente la conducta de los financiadores y proteger a los financiadores y beneficiarios con el fin de fomentar la confianza en el mecanismo de financiaci&oacute;n.</i></p><p><i>La primera cuesti&oacute;n es si hay que imponer una regulaci&oacute;n. Los Estados Unidos y la Uni&oacute;n Europea comparten preocupaciones y muestran cierta hostilidad hacia la financiaci&oacute;n de litigios por terceros. Aunque todos los argumentos en contra deben ser abordados con cautela, ninguno de ellos es concluyente o insuperable. Por el contrario, hay pruebas de los efectos positivos que podr&iacute;a tener en la jurisdicci&oacute;n civil, principalmente en la mejora del acceso a la justicia.</i></p><p><i>Cuando se discute si es necesario alg&uacute;n tipo de control de la financiaci&oacute;n por terceros, las opciones van desde una cierta inercia (no adoptar ninguna medida) hasta la prohibici&oacute;n, con diversas opciones intermedias de regulaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s moderadas o m&aacute;s rigurosas. Sobre la base de que ni el mantenimiento del statu quo ni el modelo de restricci&oacute;n total son opciones aceptables, la conclusi&oacute;n es que se requiere alg&uacute;n tipo de intervenci&oacute;n.</i></p><p><i>Entonces, la cuesti&oacute;n es c&oacute;mo regular, lo que suscita una serie de preguntas, cada una de ellas plagada de dificultades. Cu&aacute;l ser&iacute;a la justificaci&oacute;n de la intervenci&oacute;n legal? Ser&iacute;a mejor dise&ntilde;ar una regulaci&oacute;n imperativa o flexible? Y si se considerara que esta &uacute;ltima es la opci&oacute;n m&aacute;s adecuada, ser&iacute;a preferible la mera autorregulaci&oacute;n a la corregulaci&oacute;n?</i></p><p><br></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-06:/279109</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.1 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026006" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Settlements and Trial Control in Third Party Litigation Funding: The European Context [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Third-party litigation funding (TPLF) has emerged as a mechanism to enhance access to justice by pro...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>Third-party litigation funding (TPLF) has emerged as a mechanism to enhance access to justice by providing financial resources to parties engaged in litigation. However, the involvement of third-party funders raises significant challenges, particularly in balancing funder influence with the plaintiff&rsquo;s autonomy over settlement decisions and trial strategies. This paper examines these tensions through a comparative lens, analysing the historical influence of maintenance and champerty doctrines in common law jurisdictions and the principles of party autonomy in civil law systems. It critiques the restrictive approach of the European Commission&rsquo;s TPLFD Proposal and contrasts it with the more flexible recommendations of the European Law Institute (ELI), which emphasize transparency and tailored safeguards.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Le financement de contentieux par des tiers (Third-Party Litigation Funding, TPLF) s&rsquo;est impos&eacute; comme un m&eacute;canisme visant &agrave; am&eacute;liorer l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; la justice en apportant des ressources financi&egrave;res aux parties engag&eacute;es dans un litige. Toutefois, l&rsquo;intervention d&rsquo;investisseurs tiers soul&egrave;ve des enjeux importants, notamment en ce qui concerne l&rsquo;&eacute;quilibre entre l&rsquo;influence du financeur et l&rsquo;autonomie du demandeur quant aux d&eacute;cisions de r&egrave;glement amiable et aux strat&eacute;gies proc&eacute;durales. Cet article examine ces tensions dans une perspective comparative, en analysant l&rsquo;influence historique des doctrines de maintenance et de champerty dans les syst&egrave;mes de common law, ainsi que les principes d&rsquo;autonomie des parties en droit civil. Il critique l&rsquo;approche restrictive de la proposition de directive sur le TPLF de la Commission europ&eacute;enne et la met en contraste avec les recommandations plus souples de l&rsquo;European Law Institute (ELI), qui privil&eacute;gient la transparence et des garanties adapt&eacute;es.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Drittfinanzierung von Rechtsstreitigkeiten (Third-Party Litigation Funding, TPLF) hat sich als ein Instrument etabliert, um den Zugang zur Justiz zu verbessern, indem Parteien im Rechtsstreit finanzielle Mittel bereitgestellt werden. Die Beteiligung von Drittfinanzierern wirft jedoch erhebliche Herausforderungen auf, insbesondere im Hinblick auf das Gleichgewicht zwischen dem Einfluss des Finanzierers und der Autonomie der Kl&auml;gerpartei bei Vergleichsentscheidungen und Prozessstrategien. Dieser Beitrag untersucht diese Spannungsfelder aus rechtsvergleichender Perspektive, indem er den historischen Einfluss der Lehren von maintenance und champerty in CommonLaw-Rechtsordnungen sowie die Grunds&auml;tze der Parteienautonomie in Zivilrechtssystemen analysiert. Er kritisiert den restriktiven Ansatz des Vorschlags der Europ&auml;ischen Kommission f&uuml;r eine TPLF-Richtlinie und stellt diesem die flexibleren Empfehlungen des European Law Institute (ELI) gegen&uuml;ber, die Transparenz und ma&szlig;geschneiderte Schutzmechanismen in den Vordergrund stellen.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: La financiaci&oacute;n de litigaci&oacute;n por terceros (Third-Party Litigation Funding, TPLF) ha surgido como un mecanismo para facilitar el acceso a la justicia mediante la provisi&oacute;n de recursos financieros a los litigantes. Sin embargo, la presencia de terceros financiadores plantea retos destacados, particularmente por lo que a la autonom&iacute;a de las partes sobre los acuerdos extrajudiciales y las estrategias procesales. Este art&iacute;culo analiza estas tensiones con una perspectiva comparada, estudiando en particular la doctrinas de maintenance (intromisi&oacute;n de una parte desinteresada para fomentar una demanda judicial) y de champerty (apoyo financiero para pleitear a cambio de una cuota litis) en las jurisdicciones de common law y el principio de la autonom&iacute;a de la voluntad en los derechos continentales. Se critica el enfoque restrictivo de la propuesta de la Comisi&oacute;n Europea y la compara con las recomendaciones m&aacute;s flexibles del Instituto de Derecho Europeo (ELI), que pone el &eacute;nfasis en la transparencia y en las salvaguardas a medida.</i></p>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-06:/279110</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.1 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026007" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Justice Comes at a Price: Third Party Litigation Funding in the European Union [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The landscape of Third-Party Litigation Funding (TPLF) in the EU is evolving rapidly, being marked b...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>The landscape of Third-Party Litigation Funding (TPLF) in the EU is evolving rapidly, being marked by increasing market maturity and heightened regulatory attention. This article examines the current academic debate about TPLF and focuses on three regulatory areas of intervention to preserve the benefits of improved access to justice, while mitigating the risks of an excessive remuneration of the funder and/or conflicts of interests. Firstly, the litigation funding industry currently operates with varying degrees of regulation across EU Member States. To ensure consistent standards of practice, comprehensive professional requirements shall be implemented by law and/or self-regulation. These should include capital adequacy requirements and professional qualifications to ensure funders can meet their financial obligations throughout potentially lengthy litigation processes. Secondly, the existence and identity of third-party funders and the key terms of litigation funding agreements, particularly those related to control over litigation strategy and fees, shall be accessible to national courts to ensure transparency and proper oversight. Thirdly, consumers represent a particularly vulnerable category of litigants requiring special protection when TPLF is involved. These protective measures are especially crucial in collective redress scenarios, where numerous consumers may be affected by a single funding arrangement and where the complexity of cases may create information asymmetries between funders and claimants.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Le paysage du financement de contentieux par des tiers (Third-Party Litigation Funding, TPLF) dans l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne &eacute;volue rapidement, marqu&eacute; &agrave; la fois par une maturit&eacute; croissante du march&eacute; et par une attention r&eacute;glementaire accrue. Cet article examine le d&eacute;bat acad&eacute;mique actuel sur le TPLF et met l&rsquo;accent sur trois domaines d&rsquo;intervention r&eacute;glementaire visant &agrave; pr&eacute;server les avantages en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; la justice, tout en att&eacute;nuant les risques d&rsquo;abus (tels que la r&eacute;mun&eacute;ration excessive du financeur et les conflits d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts). Premi&egrave;rement, l&rsquo;industrie du financement de contentieux op&egrave;re actuellement selon des degr&eacute;s de r&eacute;glementation variables au sein des &Eacute;tats membres de l&rsquo;UE. Afin de garantir des normes coh&eacute;rentes de pratique, il convient de mettre en place des exigences professionnelles compl&egrave;tes par le droit et/ou l&rsquo;autor&eacute;gulation. Celles-ci devraient inclure des exigences de fonds propres ainsi que des qualifications professionnelles, afin de s&rsquo;assurer que les financeurs puissent honorer leurs obligations financi&egrave;res tout au long de proc&eacute;dures judiciaires potentiellement longues. Deuxi&egrave;mement, l&rsquo;existence et l&rsquo;identit&eacute; des financeurs tiers, ainsi que les clauses essentielles des accords de financement de contentieux &ndash; notamment celles relatives au contr&ocirc;le de la strat&eacute;gie contentieuse et aux honoraires &ndash; devraient &ecirc;tre accessibles aux juridictions nationales, afin de garantir la transparence et une supervision ad&eacute;quate. Troisi&egrave;mement, les consommateurs constituent une cat&eacute;gorie particuli&egrave;rement vuln&eacute;rable de plaideurs n&eacute;cessitant une protection sp&eacute;cifique lorsque le TPLF est impliqu&eacute;. Ces mesures de protection sont d&rsquo;autant plus cruciales dans les actions collectives, o&ugrave; de nombreux consommateurs peuvent &ecirc;tre affect&eacute;s par un seul accord de financement et o&ugrave; la complexit&eacute; des affaires peut engendrer des asym&eacute;tries d&rsquo;information entre financeurs et demandeurs.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Die Landschaft der Prozessfinanzierung durch Dritte (Third-Party Litigation Funding, TPLF) in der Europ&auml;ischen Union entwickelt sich rasch weiter und ist sowohl durch eine zunehmende Marktreife als auch durch eine verst&auml;rkte regulatorische Aufmerksamkeit gekennzeichnet. Dieser Artikel untersucht die aktuelle akademische Debatte &uuml;ber TPLF und konzentriert sich auf drei regulatorische Handlungsfelder, die darauf abzielen, die Vorteile eines verbesserten Zugangs zur Justiz zu bewahren und gleichzeitig die Risiken von Missbr&auml;uchen (wie &uuml;berh&ouml;hte Verg&uuml;tung der Finanzierer und Interessenkonflikte) zu mindern. Erstens operiert die Prozessfinanzierungsbranche derzeit mit unterschiedlichen Regulierungsgraden in den Mitgliedstaaten der EU. Um einheitliche Praxisstandards sicherzustellen, sollten umfassende berufliche Anforderungen durch Gesetz und/oder Selbstregulierung eingef&uuml;hrt werden. Diese sollten Eigenkapitalanforderungen sowie berufliche Qualifikationen umfassen, um sicherzustellen, dass Finanzierer ihren finanziellen Verpflichtungen auch w&auml;hrend potenziell langwieriger Gerichtsverfahren nachkommen k&ouml;nnen. Zweitens sollten die Existenz und Identit&auml;t von Drittfinanzierern sowie die wesentlichen Bedingungen von Finanzierungsvereinbarungen &ndash; insbesondere jene, die die Kontrolle &uuml;ber die Prozessstrategie und die Verg&uuml;tung betreffen &ndash; den nationalen Gerichten zug&auml;nglich gemacht werden, um Transparenz und eine angemessene Aufsicht zu gew&auml;hrleisten. Drittens stellen Verbraucher eine besonders schutzbed&uuml;rftige Gruppe von Kl&auml;gern dar, die im Zusammenhang mit TPLF eines besonderen Schutzes bedarf. Diese Schutzma&szlig;nahmen sind insbesondere in kollektiven Rechtsschutzverfahren von entscheidender Bedeutung, bei denen zahlreiche Verbraucher von einer einzigen Finanzierungsvereinbarung betroffen sein k&ouml;nnen und die Komplexit&auml;t der Verfahren Informationsasymmetrien zwischen Finanzierern und Kl&auml;gern beg&uuml;nstigen kann.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: El panorama de la financiaci&oacute;n de litigios por terceros en la UE evoluciona r&aacute;pidamente, caracteriz&aacute;ndose por una creciente madurez del mercado y una mayor atenci&oacute;n regulatoria. Este art&iacute;culo examina el debate acad&eacute;mico actual y se centra en tres &aacute;reas de intervenci&oacute;n regulatoria con el fin de preservar los beneficios de un mejor acceso a la justicia y, a la vez, mitigar los riesgos de una remuneraci&oacute;n excesiva del financiador y/o los conflictos de intereses. En primer lugar, el sector de la financiaci&oacute;n de litigios opera actualmente con distintos grados de regulaci&oacute;n en los Estados miembros de la UE. Para garantizar una pr&aacute;ctica coherente, hay que implementar requisitos profesionales exhaustivos por ley y/o por autorregulaci&oacute;n, los cuales deben incluir la adecuaci&oacute;n del capital y las cualificaciones profesionales para garantizar que los financiadores puedan cumplir sus obligaciones financieras a lo largo de procesos judiciales que pueden ser prolongados. En segundo lugar, la existencia e identidad de los terceros financiadores y las condiciones clave de los acuerdos de financiaci&oacute;n de litigios, en particular las relacionadas con el control de la estrategia y los honorarios del litigio, deben ser accesibles a los tribunales nacionales para garantizar la transparencia y la monitorizaci&oacute;n adecuadas. En tercer lugar, los consumidores representan una categor&iacute;a de litigantes especialmente vulnerable que requiere una protecci&oacute;n especial en casos de financiaci&oacute;n por terceros. Estas medidas de protecci&oacute;n son cruciales en los casos de acciones colectivas, en los que numerosos consumidores pueden verse afectados por un &uacute;nico acuerdo de financiaci&oacute;n y en los que la complejidad de los casos puede crear asimetr&iacute;as de informaci&oacute;n entre los financiadores y los demandantes.</i></p><div><br></div>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-02-06:/279111</id>
	<link href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/European+Review+of+Private+Law/34.1 [pre-publication]/ERPL2026008" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Third-Party Funding of Litigation as a Tool for Access to Civil Justice: Lessons from the ECtHR’s Case-Law [pre-publication]</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Third-party funding of litigation (TPFL) is increasingly recognized as closely connected to the righ...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p><i>Third-party funding of litigation (TPFL) is increasingly recognized as closely connected to the right of access to civil justice. Although the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has not yet developed case-law specifically addressing third-party funding, this contribution examines relevant dimensions of the European Convention and the Court&rsquo;s broader jurisprudence on access to justice. The aim is to evaluate their potential significance for third-party funding and to consider possible future developments in this area.</i></p><p><i>R&eacute;sum&eacute;: Le financement des litiges par des tiers est de plus en plus reconnu comme &eacute;tant &eacute;troitement li&eacute; au droit d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; la justice civile. Bien que la Cour europ&eacute;enne des droits de l&rsquo;homme n&rsquo;ait pas encore &eacute;labor&eacute; de jurisprudence sp&eacute;cifique sur le financement par des tiers, cette contribution analyse certains aspects pertinents de la Convention europ&eacute;enne ainsi que la jurisprudence plus g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de la Cour relative &agrave; l&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &agrave; la justice. L&rsquo;objectif est d&rsquo;&eacute;valuer la port&eacute;e de ces &eacute;l&eacute;ments pour le financement par des tiers et d&rsquo;envisager les &eacute;volutions possibles dans ce domaine.</i></p><p><i>Zusammenfassung: Zunehmend wird anerkannt, dass die Finanzierung von Rechtsstreitigkeiten durch Dritte eng mit dem Recht auf Zugang zur zivilrechtlichen Justiz verbunden ist. Obwohl der Europ&auml;ische Gerichtshof f&uuml;r Menschenrechte noch keine Rechtsprechung speziell zur Finanzierung durch Dritte entwickelt hat, untersucht dieser Beitrag relevante Aspekte der Europ&auml;ischen Konvention und der allgemeinen Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs zum Zugang zur Justiz. Ziel ist es, deren potenzielle Bedeutung f&uuml;r die Finanzierung durch Dritte zu bewerten und m&ouml;gliche zuk&uuml;nftige Entwicklungen in diesem Bereich zu betrachten.</i></p><p><i>Resumen: La &iacute;ntima conexi&oacute;n de la financiaci&oacute;n de la litigaci&oacute;n por terceros con el derecho de acceso a la justicia est&aacute; ganando reconocimiento. Aunque el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos no ha elaborado todav&iacute;a jurisprudencia espec&iacute;fica en la materia, este art&iacute;culo analiza los aspectos relevantes de la Convenci&oacute;n Europea y de la doctrina m&aacute;s amplia del Tribunal sobre el acceso a la justicia. El objetivo es calibrar su potencial relevancia para la financiaci&oacute;n de litigios por terceros y valorar posibles desarrollos en este campo.</i></p><div><br></div>Volume 34 Online ISSN 0928-9801]]></content>
	<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://kluwerlawonline.com/Journals/European+Review+of+Private+Law/589"/>
		<updated>2026-03-07T00:01:06+00:00</updated>
		<title>European Review of Private Law</title></source>

	<category term="european review of private law"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-31:/278361</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70013?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Moral rights in copyright laws of GCC countries</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
In copyright law, moral rights of authorship are distinct from economic rights in economic...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>In copyright law, moral rights of authorship are distinct from economic rights in economic works, breaking down into four basic rights, those of attribution, integrity, disclosure and withdrawal. Whilst economic rights are transferable, moral rights are not. The article explores current and historical moral rights in the GCC region, specifically UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, comparing the Sharia and civil code of these nations, to English and American Common Law and European Civil codes, addressing how culture and history has impacted the need or style of protection of moral rights. The article recommends reforms to GCC codes to permit stronger enforcement and pre-empt future demand for copyright protections from international investors, considering the economic changes and the rise of AI used in creative works<b>
   <span>.</span>
</b></p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-31T07:45:42+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Bashayer AlMajed, 
Bashar Malkawi</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-01-31T07:45:42+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278314</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/193/8445867?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Inapplicability of Copyright Exhaustion to Online Distributed Video Games</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Directive 2001/29/EC, Arts. 4(2) and 6; Directive 2009/24/EC, Art. 4(2); French Intellectual Propert...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Directive 2001/29/EC, Arts. 4(2) and 6; Directive 2009/24/EC, Art. 4(2); French Intellectual Property Code, Art. L. 122-3-1 &ndash; <strong>Exhaustion Valve</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-27T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2026-01-27T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278315</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/172/8378261?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Malicious Initiation of Patent Infringement Litigation</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Evidence in Civil Litigation Involving Intellectual Property...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Evidence in Civil Litigation Involving Intellectual Property of the Supreme People&rsquo;s Court, Art. 7(2) &ndash; <strong>A Guide Rail</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-12-12T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-12-12T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278316</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/203/8374758?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Deciphering IP Law and Its Conflict and Complementarity with Competition Law: Global Norms Against Asian Context</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>LiuKungchungDeciphering IP Law and Its Conflict and Complementarity with Competition Law: Global Nor...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>LiuKungchungDeciphering IP Law and Its Conflict and Complementarity with Competition Law: Global Norms Against Asian ContextRoutledge2025, 316 pp., &euro;122.50, ISBN 978-1-032-97853-6.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-12-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-12-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278317</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/advance-article/doi/10.1093/grurint/ikaf141/8374757?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">The Principle of Territoriality in International Intellectual Property Law and Its Implications for Global FRAND Rate-Setting</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThe principle of territoriality under which intellectual property (IP) rights exist and are ...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>The principle of territoriality under which intellectual property (IP) rights exist and are enforced only within national borders sits uneasily alongside the global nature of standard-essential patent (SEP) licensing disputes. In recent years, courts in Brazil, China, Colombia, Germany, India, the United Kingdom, and now the Unified Patent Court have asserted authority, directly or indirectly, to determine worldwide fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing terms, often without both parties&rsquo; consent. These practices, ranging from injunction-driven leverage to comprehensive judicial rate-setting, raise difficult questions about jurisdiction, comity, competition norms, and the coherence of international IP law.This article provides a systematic and comparative analysis of the principle of territoriality in international IP law and its tension with non-consensual global FRAND determinations. It traces the origins and enduring role of territoriality in treaties such as the Paris Convention and TRIPS Agreement, examines its implications for jurisdiction and choice of law, and explains why territoriality remains a cornerstone of global IP governance. It then turns to the distinctive case of SEPs, highlighting the role of standard-setting organizations and the unique licensing challenges they generate. Against this backdrop, the article maps national approaches across key jurisdictions, identifying functional categories (adjudicators, regulators, and leverage providers) and analyzing how their practices interact in transnational disputes.Drawing on recent case law, WTO findings, and comparative treatment of other IP rights, the article argues that non-consensual global FRAND rate-setting undermines the territorial foundation of international IP law and risks destabilizing global markets. At the same time, it acknowledges arguments for efficiency and uniformity, and considers how these objectives might be pursued within a framework that respects sovereignty and due process. The article concludes by proposing both short-term and longer-term solutions, ranging from national court strategies and WTO enforcement to a possible role for WIPO, the US Congress, and the EU, designed to reconcile innovation incentives, market access, and the legitimacy of international dispute resolution.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-12-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-12-09T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278318</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/176/8346162?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">On the Significance of Semantic Divergence Between Signs</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Trade Mark Protection Act, Art. 3(1)(c) &#8210; SEAT v BYD</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Trade Mark Protection Act, Art. 3(1)(c) &#8210; <strong>SEAT v BYD</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-11-27T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-11-27T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278319</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/184/8342749?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Joint and Several Liability of Lessors for Counterfeiting Activity on Their Premises</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Constitution, Art. 105(III)(a); 2002 Civil Code, Arts. 927 and 931 &#8210; Galeria Pag&eacute;</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Constitution, Art. 105(III)(a); 2002 Civil Code, Arts. 927 and 931 &#8210; <strong>Galeria Pag&eacute;</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-11-26T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-11-26T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278320</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/195/8341092?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">On the Use of Press Publications by Search Engine Providers</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Act LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright, Secs. 33/A(2), 35/A(1), 82/A et seq.; Directive (EU) 2019/790, Recit...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>Act LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright, Secs. 33/A(2), 35/A(1), 82/A et seq.; Directive (EU) 2019/790, Recitals 54 et seq., Art. 15 &ndash; <strong>TDM Exception under the CDSM Directive</strong></span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-11-24T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-11-24T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278321</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/advance-article/doi/10.1093/grurint/ikaf132/8320602?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Does One Framework Fit All? Testing Governing Knowledge Commons in AI-Powered Drug Discovery</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThe implementation of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models throughout the drug disco...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>The implementation of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models throughout the drug discovery and development process is made possible thanks to the massive amounts of data on which these models are trained. However, this data is difficult to interpret, compile and access and thus are typically not available to other companies and/or individuals. Moreover, despite the possibility under patent law, to provide protection to AI technologies and drugs created with the assistance of AI (AI-assisted drugs), the data generated within the AI-powered drug discovery process may be shared and accessed by the broader scientific community, since there is the need to include small-scale innovators and public institutions in a scenario where their contribution has been increasingly marginalized in favour of AI training undertaken by big companies. These technical and legal issues result in a societal dilemma that this paper defines as a &lsquo;vicious cycle&rsquo; comprised of uncertain proprietary regimes, scarce sharing of data, ineffective AI training, and lack of safe and effective drug candidates.To break this cycle, this paper suggests adopting the Governing Knowledge Commons (GKC) Framework, which is structured according to a series of general questions (&lsquo;variables&rsquo;) that not only find application in case the knowledge resource is completely &lsquo;commonized&rsquo;, but also where there are co-existing spaces of property and non-property in its governance. Such framework should be tested, focusing on AI platforms in drug discovery, by assessing to what extent AI platforms are being managed, as knowledge resources, and being able to manage further knowledge resources (training data and generated outputs) in a distributed and communal way. Ultimately, this assessment of governance of AI platforms through GKC testing, which in this paper will focus on the well-known AlphaFold AI platform, can contribute identifying promising cases of knowledge commons within drug discovery.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-11-11T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-11-11T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278322</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/140/8306977?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Singers versus Deepfake Audio: The Legal Position of Singers in Bahrain’s Legal System</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThe emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly affected various sectors. It...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly affected various sectors. It has been used to improve the quality of life as well as to commit deceptive and manipulative acts. For many industries, including the entertainment industry, the various uses of AI have disturbed the operation process.One notable example of AI manipulation is the use of deepfake audio in the music industry, which raises important legal questions about the rights of singers. The situation is more complicated in Arabic-speaking countries, where deepfake audio has been used to mimic the voices of Western music artists, creating AI-generated covers in Arabic and leading to what can be referred to as cross-lingual deepfake.Therefore, this paper focuses on the legal issues raised in relation to the application of deepfake audio in the music industry, particularly addressing the issue of cross-lingual deepfake and singers&rsquo; rights in the Bahraini legal system.The paper aims to examine the legal countermeasures available for singers to protect their interests and prevent unauthorized use of their voice. It begins by analyzing provisions of copyright laws before exploring alternative legal avenues, namely tort law and rights attached to personality.Finally, the paper identifies the present legislative gap in this field and proposes recognizing a &lsquo;publicity right&rsquo; as a suitable legislative framework that guarantees sufficient protection for singers in Bahrain.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-10-30T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-10-30T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278323</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/103/8256796?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">AI and Competition Law – New Challenges or Just ‘Digitalization on Steroids’?</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>For the past decade, the &lsquo;digitalization of competition law&rsquo; has been one of the main topics of acad...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span>For the past decade, the &lsquo;digitalization of competition law&rsquo; has been one of the main topics of academic and practical debate. Internet companies like Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft have revolutionized communication and trade in less than a decade. Consumer focus has shifted from personal computers to mobile devices. Digital ecosystems have taken shape. New services have been created, and consumer welfare has been greatly improved. However, the specters of monopolization and a &lsquo;too big influence&rsquo; of the &lsquo;Big Five&rsquo; have haunted lawmakers all over the world (not unlike the 1890s when big railroad and oil companies and trusts led to the enactment of the US Sherman Act, the first modern antitrust law). Moreover, nearly all big players in this field are US or Chinese companies. While it is a truism that governments cannot create market champions through regulation, Germany has reacted to these developments by amending the German Act against Restraints of Competition (GWB) twice in order to, at least, create a (more) level playing field: The 9th amendment 2017 wisely did so by limiting itself to clarifications that did not curtail the flexibility and discretion given to the Federal Cartel Office (<span>Bundeskartellamt</span>) by the general clauses in Secs. 1, 19 and 20 of the Act. The 10th amendment 2021 added a new competition tool in Sec. 19a that enables the Federal Cartel Office to take <span>ex ante</span> action against &lsquo;undertakings with paramount significance for competition across markets&rsquo; (which essentially means &lsquo;digital gatekeepers&rsquo;) without having to prove that such a gatekeeper acted in an anticompetitive manner. In the same vein, albeit formally outside competition law, the EU enacted the Digital Markets Act (DMA). Since 2022, the Commission has undertaken considerable efforts to open &lsquo;core platform services&rsquo; of digital gatekeepers for competition under the DMA's banner of contestability and fairness. It remains to be seen whether these measures will be ultimately successful regarding the enhancement of competition and fairness, and whether they will improve or reduce consumer welfare.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-09-17T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-09-17T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278324</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/163/8242686?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Regulation of Technology Transfer in Brazil: Addressing Public Health Challenges</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThis report provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory framework governing technolo...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory framework governing technology transfer in Brazil, with particular emphasis on its intersection with public health imperatives. The study traces the historical evolution of Brazilian regulations from a highly interventionist model focused on import substitution to a hybrid approach that balances contractual autonomy with strategic state intervention. It explores how reforms following the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) shaped the country&rsquo;s capacity to internalize strategic technologies. Special attention is paid to the use of legal instruments, such as the Technological Order and Productive Development Partnerships, which have been pivotal in enabling local production of health technologies, including vaccines. The Fiocruz&ndash;AstraZeneca collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic serves as a case study to illustrate how these instruments have been operationalized to ensure rapid technology transfer under conditions of uncertainty. This analysis highlights the crucial role of legal innovation in strengthening Brazil&rsquo;s technological sovereignty and public health preparedness. It also underscores the ongoing challenges and opportunities associated with leveraging intellectual property, public procurement and industrial policy to support equitable access to health technologies. The conclusions reflect the need for the continued refinement of regulatory tools to bolster national resilience against future health emergencies.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-08-28T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-08-28T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278325</id>
	<link href="https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/75/2/156/8159942?rss=1" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Can Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Generated Works Be Protected Under Turkish Copyright Law?</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>AbstractThis study explores the intersection of AI and intellectual property, with a particular focu...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<span><div>Abstract</div>This study explores the intersection of AI and intellectual property, with a particular focus on the protection terms and scope of Law No. 5846 on Intellectual and Artistic Works in force in T&uuml;rkiye. The central question of this study &ndash; whether intellectual products created by AI can be considered original, and whether the AI systems that generate these products or their users can be regarded as authors &ndash; is analyzed within the framework of current regulations and principles guiding copyright in T&uuml;rkiye. The analysis references a precedent decision from the US&nbsp;District Court for the District of Columbia in&nbsp;<span>Taler v. Perlmutter&nbsp;</span> alongside the US Copyright Office&rsquo;s recent report on AI copyrightability, suggesting that this evolving issue may require legal re-evaluation in the near future.</span>]]></content>
	<updated>2025-06-10T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name></name></author>
	<source>
		<id>http://academic.oup.com/grurint</id>
		<link rel="self" href="http://academic.oup.com/grurint"/>
		<updated>2025-06-10T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>GRUR International</title></source>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-30:/278254</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70012?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Gregorini v. Shyamalan: Can Access Trump Similarity in a Globalised Digital Age?</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
On the 20th February 2025, the final judgement of Gregorini v. Shyamalan rejected director...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>On the 20th February 2025, the final judgement of <i>Gregorini v. Shyamalan</i> rejected director Gregorini's claims that the show &lsquo;Servant&rsquo; produced by Apple TV+ copied her independent film &lsquo;The Truth About Emanuel&rsquo;. Infringement can be established by proving substantial similarity and access to the work. Although the official complaint appeared to evidence substantial similarity, it did not establish access. In rejecting infringement claims due to lack of demonstrated access, the ruling threatens the future protection of artistic and literary works. A strict application of the law reveals that the conditions for copyright infringement may be outdated in a digitalised and globalised age. Access can be immediate, universal and untraceable. This note examines the court's assessment of both similarity and access, concluding that the requirement of proof of access reflects a misunderstanding of the purpose of copyright law and an outdated view of the entertainment industry.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-29T08:00:00+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Anna Monnereau</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-01-29T08:00:00+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="note"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-28:/278000</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70014?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">Inventorship in the age of AI: Legal challenges and potential solutions</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
The increasing integration of AI into the inventive process has raised significant legal c...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>The increasing integration of AI into the inventive process has raised significant legal challenges, particularly concerning inventorship and the right to apply for patents. The UK Supreme Court's judgement in <i>Thaler v Comptroller-General of Patents</i> reaffirmed the human-centric approach to inventorship under the Patents Act 1977, emphasising that only natural persons can be named inventors. However, the increasing autonomy of AI systems challenges the conventional paradigm regarding inventorship. This article first analyses whether inventorship remains legally sufficient in the context of existing AI systems. The analysis then extends to the potential emergence of AGI, assessing its anticipated impact on inventorship. By exploring whether AGI capabilities could challenge the traditional requirement of a human inventor, this article considers the need for legal adaptation to achieve a balanced approach that reflects technological advancements while maintaining legal certainty. Additionally, this article examines the transfer of rights in AI-generated inventions, evaluating whether AI should continue to be classified strictly as property owned by its owner, with rights transferred under the doctrine of accession, or whether it should be granted a form of legal personhood with limited rights, including inventorship and patent ownership. To provide a novel perspective, this article introduces the argument that a dual legal status could be conceptualised for future AI systems. By addressing these emerging legal challenges, this study contributes to the ongoing debate on whether and how patent law should be reformed to accommodate AI's growing role in the inventive process.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-27T14:08:19+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Özgür Arikan</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-01-27T14:08:19+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>

<entry>
	<id>tag:vifa-recht.de,2026-01-22:/277546</id>
	<link href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jwip.70011?af=R" rel="alternate" type="text/html"/>
	<title type="html">How much human contribution is needed for “ownership” of AI‐generated content: A comparison of copyright determination for generative AI in China and the United States</title>
	<summary type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Abstract
The development of generative AI has significantly impacted the copyright field, particula...</p>]]></summary>
	<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>The development of generative AI has significantly impacted the copyright field, particularly in determining the copyright status of AI-generated content. This paper compares China and the United States (U.S.) by analyzing key cases relevant to this issue. In these cases, Chinese courts affirmed copyright ownership for AI users, whereas the U.S. Copyright Office declined to register such claims. The core divergence between the two countries lies in how they assess the degree of human contribution in the AI generation process. This difference stems from their distinct understandings of the role of AI and ultimately shapes the resulting outcomes. These differences may arise from varying AI-industry needs and legal traditions, influencing human creativity, the growth of the AI industry, and the balance of international copyright. From a comparative-law perspective, this study introduces and develops a human-AI collaborative authorship model to help bridge the doctrinal divide exemplified by China and the United States. This approach aims to explore new pathways in both scholarship and practice, thereby contributing to the establishment of a unified international copyright convention.</p>]]></content>
	<updated>2026-01-21T11:12:44+00:00</updated>
	<author><name>Ruihan Sun, 
Shuhuan Zhou</name></author>
	<source>
		<id>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R</id>
		<link rel="self" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17471796?af=R"/>
		<updated>2026-01-21T11:12:44+00:00</updated>
		<title>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</title></source>

	<category term="original article"/>


</entry>


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