Interpretation is part and parcel of every juridical endeavour. In international law, the law and methods pertaining to the process of interpretation continue to vex international

legal theory and practice; in fact, increasingly so. The provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) on treaty interpretation reflect three [...]

This report summarises the proceedings at the international conference ‘Refuge from inhumanity: enriching refugee protection by recourse to international humanitarian law’

held at All Souls College, Oxford, 11-12 February 2013. The conference was jointly organised by the Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, and the Refugee [...]

This study examines the legal and tactical complexities of conducting military operations within densely populated areas, highlighting the systemic between military objectives

and interna-tional frameworks designed to protect civilian populations. By examining the relationship be-tween law and the reality of combat, this study bridges the [...]

I argue that the UN Charter allows the use of force against non-state actors if their attacks meet the ‘armed attack’ threshold and the host state is ‘unwilling or unable’

to take effective measures. The proposed six point criteria; informed by the inherent peace seeking spirit of the Charter, drawing insights from the Convention Relating [...]

This article examines the judicial protection of the public-law competence of members of parliament and municipal councillors (hereinafter also – deputies). Its topicality

arises from the fact that Latvian legislation does not provide a legal mechanism by which a deputy may individually safeguard his or her public-law competence. [...]

In contemporary environmental governance and democracy, environmental information acts as the foundation for effective decision-making. It is on this basis that the public's

right of access to environmental information is guaranteed, with the Aarhus Convention acting as the chief normative framework upon which this right is implemented. [...]

This is the latest in a series of annual surveys in this Journal reviewing dispute settlement in the law of the sea, both under Part XV of the UN Convention on the Law of the

Sea and outside the framework of the Convention. The most significant developments during 2023 were the judgments on the merits of a Special Chamber of the International [...]

The rapid development and implementation of digital tools are transforming contemporary approaches to the standards of the right of access to justice. These transformations

affect judicial procedures, mechanisms of legal awareness, dispute prevention, and alternative dispute resolution. [...]

This article examines significant judgments of the Council of State concerning breaches of the rules on Minimum Environmental Criteria (CAM) in project and tender documentation,

as well as the implications of such defects for judicial protection. The Court clarifies that not every infringement of Article 57(2) of the Italian Public Contracts [...]

peer reviewed ; This paper affirms that external relations are outside the scope of Article 47 of the Charter. This does not however mean that the principle of judicial protection

and the right of access to an independent tribunal have only an internal EU law dimension. [...]