FID Recht - 346 - Privatrecht

産業医は労働者との関係において、作為義務を負うか？～不作為不法行為理論における作為義務要件からの検討～ ; Does an occupational physician bear a duty to act in relation to workers? ~A Research Based on the Duty to Act Requirement in the Theory of Tort by Omission~

2026-04-16T14:12:21+00:00

Понятие и юридическая природа ценных бумаг по Налоговому кодексу Украины

2026-04-16T02:53:42+00:00

The article covers the questions on concept and essence of securities; terms, definitions and functions of Civil Law and Tax Law; functions development of securities in legal regulation of tax relations. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы понятия и сущности ценных бумаг,определений и функций в гражданском и налоговом праве, развитие функций ценных бумаг в правовом регулировании налоговых отношений.

Организационно-правовые основы публичного администрирования в сфере интеллектуальной собственности в Украине

2026-04-16T02:53:42+00:00

В статье исследованы организационно-правовые основы публичного администрирования в сфере интеллектуальной собственности в Украине, охарактеризован административно-правовой статус субъектов публичного администрирования в сфере интеллектуальной собственности и определены пути их усовершенствования. Осуществлен анализ способов публичного администрирования в сфере интеллектуальной собственности, который свидетельствует о наличии их значительного количества, использование которых позволяет субъектам [...]

Reflecţii doctrinare privind actul de constituire al societăţii cu răspundere limitată

2026-04-16T02:53:42+00:00

Setting up a company, regardless of organizational form, it involves analysis of legal phenomena and judicial procedures that relate specifically to the founders, the articles of foundation, the formation of social capital and the wayin what it is recorded. In this study we intend to increase the attention on conceptual approaches referring to the articles of incorporation of limited liability company, with a focus on the problems of defining the concept, analysis of legal features and on the co[...]

Folosirea cu bună-credinţă a drepturilor şi obligaţiilor de muncă: unele aspecte juridico-practice

2026-04-16T02:53:42+00:00

Articolul abordează unele aspecte juridico-practice care vizează folosirea cu bună-credinţă a drepturilor şi obligaţiilor de către salariaţi şi angajatori în raporturile de muncă, inclusiv a drepturilor procedurale ale acestora ce ţin de soluţionarea litigiilor individuale de muncă şi a conflictelor colective de muncă în instanţa de judecată. ; The article is devoted to issues legal-practice aimed at using the good faith of the rights and duties of employees and employers in labor relations, inc[...]

Деякі аспекти страхування в контексті захисту права інтелектуальної власності

2026-04-16T02:53:41+00:00

У статті досліджено деякі аспекти страхування в контексті захисту права інтелектуальної власності. Оскільки право на захист є елементом правомочності, що входить у зміст будь-якого субrsquo;єктивного цивільного права, а непорушність права інтелектуальної власності гарантується, то необхідно розглянути правовий механізм захисту права інтелектуальної власності в контексті його посилення. У статті розкрито питання впливу страхування саме на підсилення захисту прав інтелектуальної власності. Так, за[...]

Problemele actuale ale instituției insolvabilității transfrontaliere în dreptul internațional privat

2026-04-16T02:53:39+00:00

In the current modern context, the legal regulation of cross-border insolvency issues in the field of private international law becomes particularly important considering the complicated economic situation and foreign policy worldwide. In such conditions, current problems related to protecting the rights and legal interests of creditors become highly relevant. This article examines current issues of cross-border insolvency institution and the tasks of improving insolvency procedures with foreign[...]

Exploring perspectives of the unified patent court and unitary patent within the business and legal communities: a report for the UK Intellectual Property Office

2026-04-13T08:52:08+00:00

The dilemma of client clearing in the OTC derivatives markets

2026-04-13T08:52:08+00:00

The global crisis triggered a vast programme of financial markets reform, including a new regime for over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives which requires hitherto private contracts to be cleared through central counterparties (CCPs). This article argues that the interaction between underlying law and this new regulation needs to be addressed in order to advance the objectives of the reforms. The starting point for the argument is the two techniques that underpin CCPs: limited access and posting ass[...]

Market needs as paradigm: breaking up the thinking on EU securities law

2026-04-13T08:52:08+00:00

In today's financial markets, investors no longer hold securities physically. Instead, securities such as shares or bonds are mostly held through intermediaries and transferred by way of book-entries on securities accounts. However, there are remarkable conceptual differences between the various jurisdictions with regard to the legal treatment of intermediated securities. It is widely agreed that this patchwork creates considerable legal risks, especially in cross-border situations. Two initiati[...]

Duties and damages

2026-04-13T08:52:07+00:00

This essay looks at the relationship between primary and secondary duties. If I breach a duty I owe to you, the law’s standard response is that I must pay you damages for such losses as I thereby cause. Some have thought that we understand what duties we owe only by looking to the sanctions the law imposes in the event of “default”: if all the law will compel me to do is to pay you damages, this is the sum of my duty to you. But the truth is that the content of these sanctions tells us little to[...]

The law and regulation of custody securities: cutting the Gordian knot

2026-04-13T08:52:07+00:00

In the EU, proposals for the Securities Law Legislation (SLL) has stalled, at least for the present. Internationally, the UNIDROIT Geneva Convention 20091 (Geneva Convention) is not yet in force. In the UK, some five and a half years after the failure of Lehman Brothers (International) Europe (LBIE), the FCA’s client asset review is ongoing and the Bloxham Review2 has called for a fundamental reappraisal of the legal basis of client entitlements. Clearly, the law and regulation of custody securi[...]

The CISG and the UNIDROIT principles of international commercial contracts

2026-04-13T08:52:07+00:00

The Unidroit principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) represent a commendable addition to the body of international commercial law. In style and substance, they are in harmony with the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Nevertheless, it is questionable that they can provide much assistance to a court or tribunal settling a CISG dispute. That court or tribunal will instead be guided by express provisions of the CISG or by general prin[...]

Relational wrongs and agency in Tort theory

2026-04-13T08:52:07+00:00

Some of those theorists who believe tort law consists of relational wrongs also believe, under the influence of Kant’s legal philosophy, that tort law is concerned for the agency of the two parties to a wrongful interaction. I argue that these theorists should discard their agency framework. It distorts our view of tort doctrine and does not really fit the law’s relational structure. We can reach a better understanding just by pursuing the idea that torts are relational wrongs. I try to diagnose[...]

Uluslararası Fason İmalat Sözleşmelerine Uygulanacak Hukuk ; Applicable Law to International Subcontract Manufacturing Contracts

2026-04-10T09:30:29+00:00

Çalışmamızda, fason imalat sözleşmesinin Türk Borçlar Hukuku çerçevesindeki tanımı, şekli ve hukuki niteliği ayrıntılı şekilde incelemeye konu edilmiştir. İş sahibi ve yüklenicinden müteşekkil tarafların hak ve yükümlülükleri analiz konusu yapılmıştır. İfa, ifa imkansızlığı, tarafların karşılıklı mutabakatı gibi genel sona erme sebeplerini ve temerrüt, sözleşmeye aykırı ve/veya kusurlu ifa, ücretin makul sınırların çok dışında aşılması, tazminat ödemek, ifa güçsüzlüğü gibi tek taraflı sona erme [...]

The Origin of Article 394/II of the Swiss Code of Obligations, Which Provides for the Application of the Provisions on Mandate to Contracts for the Performance of Services Not Regulated by Law ; Vekâlet Hükümlerinin Kanunda Düzenlenmeyen İşgörme Sözleşmelerine Uygulanmasını Öngören İBK m. 394/II Hükmünün Kökeni

2026-04-10T09:30:29+00:00

The contract of mandate is regulated in the Turkish Code of Obligations as one of the independent contracts for the performance of services. Under this contract, the debtor undertakes not to achieve a specific result for the creditor but merely to carry out certain activities. In this respect, the scope of the contract is not confined to legal acts but also includes material acts. Depending on the nature of the debtor’s obligation, contracts such as those concluded with architects, lawyers, and [...]

The Origin of Article 394/II of the Swiss Code of Obligations, Which Provides for the Application of the Provisions on Mandate to Contracts for the Performance of Services Not Regulated by Law ; Vekâlet Hükümlerinin Kanunda Düzenlenmeyen İşgörme Sözleşmelerine Uygulanmasını Öngören İBK m. 394/II Hükmünün Kökeni

2026-04-10T09:30:28+00:00

Remarks on the Manner in Which the Unidroit Principles May be Used to Interpret or Supplement Article 76 of the CISG

2026-04-16T14:18:23+00:00

International versus domestic?: the question of the applicability of intellectual property law to the CISG

2026-04-10T12:57:31+00:00

As a result of the increase in trade over intellectual property (IP)-related goods, the risk of encountering intellectual property rights (IPRs) infringement occurs. When a third party’s IPRs are infringed, the buyer of such goods can be prevented from using or reselling the goods in question according to IP law. Article 42 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) covers these situations and obliges the seller to ‘deliver goods which are free from [...]

Interest in contracts for the international sale of goods: Hasn’t the time for a uniform application come yet?

2026-04-10T12:56:45+00:00

Article 78 of the CISG addresses the issue of interest, however, it does not answer how todetermine the interest rate. The majority of the courts consider the determination of the interestrate as an issue outside the scope of the CISG, i.e. a gap intra legem. Therefore, they apply domestic law to fil the gap, without examining whether there is an applicable general principle.This practice is erroneous and contrary to the CISG because the legislative history of Article 78and its location in the C[...]

Implementation Of Legal Protection On Royalty Management Of Government Regulation Number 56 Of 2021

2026-04-10T03:45:10+00:00

Abstracts This article examines Government Regulation Number 56 of 2021 concerning the management of royalties on song/music copyrights. This writing uses a normative juridical approach. This normative juridical approach is employed based on the statutes of black letter law and the conceptual method. The result of the study found that royalty management is carried out by LMKN depend on integrated data in the data/song center. Every public at large can enjoy songs/music commercially to public ser[...]

Efficiency of Implementation of Alternative Dispute Settlement for Fintech Lending Users

2026-04-10T03:45:10+00:00

This article aims to analyze the dispute resolution mechanism at PT Satustop Finansial Solusi and the effective and efficient application of APS for fintech lending users. This article includes a type of normative legal research that is prescriptive and applied with a legal approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach. Source materials obtained through primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The technique used is the syllogism method through a deductive mindset. The disput[...]

Die Anpassung und Kündigung öffentlich-rechtlicher Verträge am Beispiel des Altlastensanierungsvertrags

2026-04-10T03:44:08+00:00

The effect of a change of circumstances on the binding force of contracts : comparative perspectives

2026-04-09T15:25:47+00:00

The aim of the research is the study of the situation on which unexpected circumstances render the performance of the contract much more difficult or onerous and those which frustrate the purpose of the transaction. The research includes the comparative analysis of European Civil Law Jurisdictions (France and Italy), English and American Common Law, and Latin American Civil Law Jurisdictions (Chile and Argentina). In addition to national jurisdictions, it is also examined how modern model codes [...]

International Taxation of Philanthropy : Removing tax obstacles for international charities

2026-04-09T15:25:46+00:00

Non-profit organizations are increasingly subjected to the forces of globalization. Although this should not come as a surprise, it is curious to note that the taxation of international philanthropy is an area where discrimination as to residence is still very obvious. Whereas domestic philanthropic flows of money enjoy substantial tax privileges throughout the democratic western world, these privileges often do not apply in situations where borders are crossed. In recent years the importance of[...]

TANTANGAN HUKUM PELANGGARAN HAK CIPTA AKIBAT AI: EVALUASI TANGGUNG JAWAB DAN MEKANISME PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA DI ERA DIGITAL = LEGAL CHALLENGES OF AI-INDUCED COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: EVALUATING LIABILITY AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN DIGITAL ERA

2026-04-09T14:12:16+00:00

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced unprecedented technological advancements and complex legal challenges, particularly in copyright infringement. The capability of the systems to replicate and disseminate copyrighted content without authorization raises questions about the adequacy of existing legal frameworks. Therefore, this research aims to explore the critical question of liability for AI-related copyright infringement, examining the responsibilities of developers[...]

The legal relationship between the proposed UNIDROIT convention and its equipment-specific protocols

2026-04-13T08:52:07+00:00

The UK Sale of Goods Act, the CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts

2026-04-09T08:00:33+00:00

Cross-border security and insolvency

2026-04-09T08:00:33+00:00

This volume analyzes the legal and practical issues that arise in cross-border transactions involving the taking and enforcement of security over movable and intangible property. Having analyzed the domestic law of security in the UK, US, France and Germany, it then focuses upon the private international law and insolvency law issues. Contributions come from leading legal, insolvency and banking specialists drawn from the relevant jurisdictions, providing a comparative perspective on each topic [...]

Commentary on the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)

2026-04-09T08:00:33+00:00

The Commentary on the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts is written by an international team of distinguished practitioners and academics. They offer an article by article commentary on the principles to provide an accessible guide to the existing case law and legal literature, as well as a comparison with national and international legislation. The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts are the result of the ambitious quest to codify the lex mercatoria;[...]

Механизми решавања спорова из управних уговора ; Dispute resolution mechanisms in administrative contracts : doctoral dissertation

2026-04-03T03:42:03+00:00

Предмет дисертације су механизми решавања спорова из управних уговора, посматрани кроз призму доктринарних поставки, позитивноправних решења Француске, Немачке и Србије, праксе судова и других институција у чију је надлежност стављено решавање ове категорије спорова, као и релевантних извора права Европске уније и његове интеракције са одабраним националним правним системима. Важно место у истраживању заузима и испитивање простора за примену алтернативних механизама решавања спорова у овом домен[...]

Pravna sredstva u upravnom sporu

2026-04-03T03:42:02+00:00

The importance of the legally defined goals of the administrative dispute for the realization of the administration legality principle as an elementary requirement for the "rule of law" - a key postulate of any democratically organized society, especially in constellation with the tendency of intensive and unstoppable expansion of administration, is constantly growing. The objectives of an administrative dispute (administrative-judicial protection) are clearly defined in Article 1 of the Law on [...]

Predmet upravnog spora

2026-04-03T03:42:02+00:00

The development of both conventional and written legal rules that were governing the roots of the administration, has run in parallel with the development of the country. The development of legal state was going parallel with the development of constitutional state. The legal state can not be imagined without pandering Administration under the law, but precisely because of it stems judicial control of management, which is necessary for the full realization of the principle of legality and the pr[...]

Компанијскоправни режим сукоба интереса

2026-04-03T03:42:02+00:00

Предмет докторске дисертације представља истраживање правног режима и садржаја дужности у вези са сукобом интереса у компанијском праву, као и последица повреде тих дужности. Истраживање је фокусирано на сукоб интереса који се односи на конкретизацију дужности лојалности, док су остали примери сукоба интереса у ширем смислу којима је циљ првенствено заштита неких других интереса, а не интереса привредног друштва, изван предмета ове докторске дисертације (нпр. накнаде, преузимање, пробијање правн[...]

Управни спор пуне јурисдикције : модели и врсте ; Administrative dispute of full jurisdiction : models and types

2026-04-03T03:42:02+00:00

Управни спор представља један од најзначанијих и најсложенијих института управног права. Реч је о најважнијем облику спољне контроле рада управе. Управни спор пуне јурисдикције или пуни спор, представља онај управни спор у којем управносудска инстанца поседује и овлашћења која се не своде само на могућност поништавања одређеног акта управе. Захватање у домен овлашћења субјеката управе је, по правилу, другачије, односно интензивније у односу на спор за поништај управног акта. Предмет дисертације [...]

RUBinform

2026-04-03T03:39:51+00:00

In dieser Ausgabe: ▪ Gesetz über das Urheberrecht ▪ Neue Regelungen für Bibliotheken ▪ Rechtliche Aspekte im Forschungsdatenmanagement ▪ Umgang mit Fotos in Frage gestellt? ▪ Schranken für Forschung, Lehre und Privates

Smart legal contracts & smarter dispute resolution

2026-04-03T03:27:02+00:00

Availability, and efficiency of dispute resolution mechanisms are sine qua non for a healthy and prosperous environment. Regarding the technical difficulties and challenges, however, traditional judiciary mechanisms may not be effective for blockchain-related disputes. In this manner, judicialization of blockchain becomes highly inevitable, especially regarding the vision of creating a 'self-sufficient system.' In this context, decentralized dispute resolution platforms have occurred and started[...]

New administrative procedure legislation or its better implementation?

2026-04-03T03:20:44+00:00

The Law on General Administrative Procedure was adopted on 26 May 2005 and “the ministries, the other bodies of the state administration, the organizations established by law and the other state bodies, executing administrative duties, are obliged to act directly in accordance with its provisions, thus applying the regulations when deciding about the rights, obligations and legal interests of physical entities, legal entities and other parties. Legal and other entities, entrusted by law with pub[...]

QUO VADIS CISG? – INTERACTION BETWEEN THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL SALES OF GOODS OF 1980 AND MIXED CONTRACTS

2026-04-03T03:20:43+00:00

It is undeniable that one of the obstacles that frustrate the development of international trade is the divergence of rules among legal systems. This gives rise to litigation and increases transaction costs for all parties. However, the tendency to unify the rules through international conventions is seen by some intellectuals and economists as a solution to eliminate this barrier while others find it harmful to domestic laws and does not achieve its whole objectives. The United Nations Conventi[...]

Praised, But Not Practiced:EU’s Paradoxes of Hybrid Dispute Resolution

2026-03-31T11:36:26+00:00

Incentivising the use of multi-tier dispute resolution in the EU raises challenges. An underlying statute (the EU Mediation Directive) has been promulgated to encourage greater acceptance of mediation, but field responses have varied. This chapter addresses key issues for the future of mediation and hybrid dispute resolution in the EU. Insofar as hybrid dispute resolution is underdeveloped or not much used in the EU, the chapter identifies reasons for such situation. Most issues with hybrid disp[...]

Applying the CISG to Hong Kong:Legal Analysis and Policy Recommendations

2026-03-31T11:36:26+00:00

The Untied Nations (UN) Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), which was adopted by a UN conference in 1980 and came into effect in 1988, is one of the most successful treaties in international commercial law in the sense of establishing a uniform legal framework for international trade in goods. A product of comparative law, it provides a set of default rules to govern cross-border sale of goods in regard to the formation of contracts, obligations of buyers and sell[...]

Contract Formation Under Chinese Law

2026-03-31T11:36:25+00:00

This chapter discusses the law on contract formation in Chinese law which largely follows the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. An objective approach is adopted in determining the parties’ intentions but exceptions are allowed where parties have not accurately expressed their true agreement, the contract is a sham, or one party’s intentional false expression is known to the other. For a contract to be[...]

The impact of the unidroit principles of international commercial contracts on Chinese contract law:Past, present and future

2026-03-31T11:36:25+00:00

INTRODUCTION In drafting private law statutes, legislators often take into consideration laws of other legal systems, international conventions and soft law. This contribution evaluates the impact of the ‘UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts’ (PICC or ‘UNIDROIT Principles’) on the ‘Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China’ (CCL), enacted in 1999 with the goal of modernising the Chinese law of contract. This chapter will answer three research questions: (1) To what exte[...]

The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts:A Governing Law? by David Oser, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers

2026-03-31T11:36:22+00:00

Geographical influences on the relationship between corporate philanthropy and corporate financial performance

2026-03-31T11:36:22+00:00

Building on stakeholder theory, the paper argues that geographical differences in stakeholders’ reactions to corporate philanthropy lead to differences in the relationship between corporate philanthropy and corporate financial performance across regions. When comparing the United States and China and different regions within China, it is found that the differences in stakeholder perceptions (as reflected by sinful industry) and information availability (as indicated by advertising intensity) acr[...]

Regulating Smart Contracts and Digital Platforms:A Chinese Perspective

2026-03-31T11:36:22+00:00

China’s contract law is examined to determine if there are legal ambiguities with regard to formation, performance, and modification of smart contracts and the problems relating to the enforcement, remedies, and dispute resolution. It is important to Chinese law not to act prematurely to change existing legal frameworks in response to a still evolving technology (blockchain-based smart contracts). On the other hand, the regulatory framework for platform operators needs be adjusted carefully to i[...]

Construction dispute research:Conceptualisation, avoidance and resolution

2026-03-31T11:36:22+00:00

There are three specific purposes of Construction Dispute Research. First, this volume aims to summarise studies on construction dispute. Second, apart from the theoretical constructs, where appropriate empirical tests are also included. This approach serves to go beyond the commonly used anecdotal approach for the subject matters. Third, it is the sincere hope of the authors that this book will help shaping research agenda of construction dispute. The studies are mostly framed from a management[...]

Copyright v freedom of contract:The "contract override" issue in Hong Kong's copyright Amendment

2026-03-31T11:36:21+00:00

Although both failed attempts of copyright amendment in the 2011 Bill and 2014 Bill shared with one another an emphasis on copyright's limitation over free speech, the contract override issue indicates a particular confusion as to the nature of copyright, contract freedom and international obligation. As property right recognition gives constitutional support to copyright and contract serves as the means to individual freedom manifested in private property, contract override bears certain consti[...]

Chinese Contract Law:Civil and Common Law Perspectives

2026-03-31T11:36:19+00:00

This book is the product of a unique collaboration between Mainland Chinese scholars and scholars from the civil, common, and mixed jurisdiction legal traditions. It begins by placing the current Chinese contract law (CCL) in the context of an evolutionary process accelerated during China’s transition to a market economy. It is structured around the core areas of contract law, anticipatory repudiation (common law) and defense of security (German law); and remedies and damages, with a focus on th[...]

Analisis Yuridis Batasan Kewajiban Pemberitahuan Informasi (Duty of Disclosure) dalam Pembentukan Polis Asuransi Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2014 tentang Perasuransian ; A Legal Analysis of the Scope of the Duty of Disclosure in the Issuance of Insurance Policies Under Law No. 40 of 2014 on Insurance

2026-03-31T10:05:00+00:00

This study examines the juridical boundaries of the duty of disclosure in the formation of insurance policies under Law Number 40 of 2014 concerning Insurance, within the framework of Indonesian insurance law. The research employs a normative legal method using statute and conceptual approaches, focusing on the interpretation of legal norms governing disclosure obligations and their implications for contractual validity. The findings reveal that the existing legal framework, particularly Article[...]

New Developments in the Restitution of Cultural Property: Alternative means of Dispute Resolution

2026-03-27T06:11:45+00:00

Alternative methods of dispute resolution are an important resource in matters of cultural heritage in addressing the return, restitution, and repatriation of cultural property. The purpose of this article is to analyze the situations in which such methods might be preferred to the classical judicial means and to examine the problems that might arise. The article is in two parts. The first part describes the actors as well as the current methods used for the restitution and return of cultural pr[...]

Foundations in Europe from a tax perspective – observations and trends

2026-03-27T06:11:45+00:00

This article describes the major trends in the legal framework related to tax aspects of charitable giving in Europe.

Arbitration and Mediation as Alternative Resolution Mechanisms in Disputes Relating to the Restitution of Cultural Property

2026-03-27T06:11:45+00:00

Responsible Lending : Export Credit Agencies as Drivers of Human Rights

2026-03-27T06:11:45+00:00

This book chapter explores the functions performed by export credit agencies (ECAs) in the international trade and finance sector. Pursuant to international standards, ECAs should foster responsible business conduct abroad. However, national law typically puts export promotion at the forefront of the concerns. The drawback of the strong focus on export promotion is that this approach may leave human rights due diligence and environmental aspects behind. The main argument of this book chapter is [...]

Digitization of GLAM Collections and Copyright: Policy Paper

2026-03-27T06:11:44+00:00

Copyright can be a major obstacle for cultural institutions regarding digitization and online accessibility, which ultimately leads to the under-exploitation of collections at the expense of society and to a need to support cultural heritage institutions with legislative and/or policy changes or at least clarifications. This contribution is a policy paper that aims to clarify the copyright law principles applicable to museum professionals dealing with digital cultural heritage worldwide, and to [...]

Fighting against biopiracy : does the obligation to disclose in patent applications truly help ?

2026-03-27T06:11:44+00:00

In the global fight against biopiracy, one of the key issues is to prevent the grant and exploitation of patents on traditional knowledge and genetic resources by requiring that patent applicants for inventions involving traditional knowledge and genetic resources disclose the source of those resources and provide evidence that the prior informed consent of the local owners of such resources has been obtained and that benefit-sharing agreements have been entered into with those owners. This Arti[...]

Do Robots Rule Wealth Management? A Brief Legal Analysis of Robo-Advisors

2026-03-27T06:11:44+00:00

What are the legal duties of robo-advisors in Switzerland? In this article, we focus on the legal framework arising from Swiss financial market law, contract law and data protection law. We also make a comparison with European law. We first explain how robo-advisors work and conclude that, contrary to what their name may suggest, they are primarily portfolio managers. As financial service providers, they shall first establish the client’s profile and the investment strategy. They must also provi[...]

The Need for a Global Framework for KnowledgeTransactions: Cross-Border Licensing and Enforcement

2026-03-27T06:11:44+00:00

Knowledge-based IP transactions are of vital importance to the modern global economy. The IP and information products that trade by license are no less important to this century than goods were to the last (and are now). Yet, there is still no recognized, general statement of the commercial legal principles dealing with the unique but common transactional form of license (like the unique transactional form of sale) and the unique but common qualities of knowledge-based intangibles. Various priva[...]

New legal concepts regarding the holding of investment securities for a civil law jurisdiction : the Swiss Draft Act

2026-03-27T06:11:44+00:00

Intermediated Securities, Legal Risk, and the International Harmonisation of Commercial Law

2026-03-27T06:11:44+00:00

Investors do not physically hold their investment securities any more. Securities are held and transferred through a complex, sophisticated, and international network of financial intermediaries, including central securities depositories, investment banks, and brokers-dealers. Investors buy and sell their holdings by having book-entries made to their securities accounts; they provide collateral to secured lenders by book-entries or by control agreements. Because transfers and collateral transact[...]