FID Recht - 341 - Völkerrecht

Actul juridic, reglementarea juridică a relaţiilor internaţionale şi subiecţii relaţiilor internaţionale

2026-10-15T02:18:58+00:00

The legal act is a manifestation of Will expressed in order to produce legal effects. In public international law the basic legal act is the international treaty. The treaty represents the legal act that expresses, in writing, the agreement of will intervened between subjects of international law in order to create, modify or extinguish rights and obligations in the relations between them and is governed by international law art.21 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the law of treaties. States are (...)

Domeniul de aplicare a dreptului conflictelor armate în contextul interzicerii recurgerii la forță în relațiile internaționale

2026-10-15T02:18:56+00:00

This scientific investigation explores the scope of the law of armed conflicts in the context of the prohibition of the use of force in international relations and examines the interaction between international legal norms governing armed conflicts and the principle of the prohibition of force. The primary aim of the article is to analyze and clarify how international legal norms related to armed conflicts apply and interact with the principle of the prohibition of force in international relations. (...)

Interaction of decisions of the european court of human rights with national judicial systems

2026-10-15T02:18:56+00:00

The issue of interaction between the European Court of Human Rights hereinafter referred to as the ECHR and national judicial institutions is revealed through the prism of horizontal coordination of civil proceedings and civil procedure. This issue is of particular importance, since the Republic of Moldova is a party to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 hereinafter referred to as the ECHR, as well as the ipso facto recognition of the jurisdiction of (...)

Reglementarea internaţională a dreptului conflictelor armate

2026-10-15T02:18:55+00:00

The topic bdquo;International Regulation of Armed Conflictsrdquo; is meant to dispel myths such as that wars are fought in total chaos, and that persons or objectives upon which armed conflicts and military operations impact are left to chance, regardless of whether they are combatants, civilians, refugees, or architectural monuments or civil constructions. This study aims to enumerate and analyze the legal framework relating to international and non-international conflicts, protection mechanisms, (...)

Due Diligence in International Environmental Law and International Human Rights Law:A Comparative Legal Study of the Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement and (...)

2026-10-15T01:20:14+00:00

Due diligence is a frequently employed notion in international law, yet much is still to be explored about this concept. This article aims to contribute to an understanding of due diligence obligations in international law, which is useful as it can form the basis for a further clarification of corresponding legal rights of subjects of international law. With this purpose in mind, this article initiates the construction of a working model of due diligence in international law by exploring this notion (...)

Research Handbook on International Environmental Law

2026-10-15T01:20:14+00:00

This wide-ranging and comprehensive Handbook examines recent developments in international environmental law (IEL) and the crossover effects of this expansion on other areas of international law, such as trade law and the law of the sea. The expert contributors offer analyses of foundational issues in IEL, such as responsibility for environmental damage, sustainable development and the precautionary principle, alongside studies in topical subject areas including marine protection and the law of international (...)

Mapping out due diligence in regional human rights law:Comparing case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

2026-10-15T01:20:13+00:00

In international human rights law, the notion of due diligence concerns a qualifier of behaviour to realize human rights protection, including the protection against non-state actor interferences. However, the question remains what due diligence obligations of states in the context of non-state actor interferences exactly entail in international human rights law. The present article aims to address this matter by comparing case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) with that of the Inter-American (...)

Ochrana mezinárodních vodních toků a jezer v mezinárodním právu ; Protection of International Watercourses through International Law

2026-10-15T00:13:24+00:00

Ochrana mezinárodních vodních toků a jezer v mezinárodním právu Mgr. Dominik Andreska, LL.M. Předložená disertační práce se zabývá problematikou ochrany mezinárodních vodních toků a jezer z pohledu mezinárodního práva. Práce nejprve přibližuje způsoby jejich využívání a s nimi související problémy jejich ochrany. Dále zkoumá vývoj mezinárodního vodního práva a jeho norem ve vztahu k ochraně a udržitelnému využívání mezinárodních vodních toků a jezer, a to analýzou doktríny a následně, s ohledem na (...)

Judicial Checklist of Country of Origin Information and Due Process in the Light of EU (Fundamental) Law

2026-10-14T14:38:45+00:00

The author identifies an important trend in deliberation of international standards of good practice in protection of refugees based on ad hoc networking and cooperation between judges and other experts under the auspices of the IARLJ. Since the legal questions in status determination procedures under EU law very often fall under the competence of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), the author suggests that stakeholders in those projects must respect the constitutional structure of the EU by considering (...)

Controversies on the protection of prenatal life through the perspective of european law

2026-10-15T02:18:53+00:00

The purpose of this article is to present the well-reasoned legal situation of abortion under European law in order to examine, from the point of view of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights Court, whether the conception product is the right-holder of the right to life enshrined in Art. 2 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms1 the Convention and, on this occasion, to grasp the position of the European instance on the legality of (...)

The Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Humanitarian Law

2026-10-15T02:18:52+00:00

Artificial Intelligence AI is regarded as a highly useful tool useful in the modern battlefield. AI is used as a communication channel among different military components during military operations. It can also be used to control weapons autonomously without the need for human intervention. Such weapons have been called Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems LAWS. They have caused some dilemmas under the International Humanitarian Law IHL among international lawyers. Scientistsrsquo; opinions differ radically (...)

The right to privacy at the workplace

2026-10-15T02:18:51+00:00

Employees in any workplace, whether physical or virtual, have certain fundamental rights to privacy. These rights form the cornerstone of a healthy, respectful work environment and are often legally protected. In this article, wersquo;ll explore what these rights entail and what are the obligations of the parties in this context. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we will analyze the international legal provisions as well as those of the Republic of Moldova regarding the protection of private (...)

Interpretation of Customary Rules by Reference to Treaties and General Principles of Law

2026-10-15T01:20:18+00:00

In its case law the International Court of Justice has repeatedly suggested the idea that rules of customary international law (CIL) do not operate in a vacuum but, instead, are to be understood against the background of other rules of the international legal system. This observation, although somewhat unsurprising, shows that the sources of international law exist in close interconnection – something that is also visible if one looks at the rules of interpretation contained in Article 31 of the (...)

Toward Human Rights-Consistent Responses to Health Emergencies:What Is the Overlap between Core Right to Health Obligations and Core International Health Regulation Capacities?

2026-10-15T01:20:17+00:00

COVID-19 has highlighted the responsibilities of states under the International Health Regulations (IHR), as well as state accountability in case of a breach. These approaches and dimensions are valuable, as many COVID responses have breached human rights. We should also look beyond this crisis and address country preparedness for effective and equitable responses to future infectious disease outbreaks. This paper assesses countries’ international legal obligations to be prepared to respond to this (...)

Ochrana mezinárodních práv v ozbrojených konfliktech ; Protection of international rights in armed conflicts

2026-10-15T00:13:24+00:00

Tato práce analyzuje dodržování mezinárodního humanitárního práva v praxi se zaměřením na ochranu lidských práv. Jejím základním cílem je zkoumat obrovský rozpor mezi literou Ženevských úmluv a tím, co se ve skutečnosti odehrává na moderním bojišti. Kromě teoretického rozboru vojenských doktrín práce staví na unikátním empirickém šetření. Jde o kvalitativní sondu do zkušeností přímých účastníků bojů - od veteránů z Afghánistánu až po vojáky nasazené na současné Ukrajině či na Kavkaze. Na základě (...)

Interpretation anomalies in the Vienna Sale Convention damages practice ; Értelmezési anomáliák a Bécsi Vételi Egyezmény kártérítési gyakorlatában

2026-10-14T04:48:02+00:00

The essay is about the interpretion anomalies in connection with damages law practice of The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). This seems to be an essential problem regarding to that the Convention’s breach of contract-system is highly relevant, whereas it must provide a mechanism, which serves international trade between countries with huge legal, economic and social disparaties. At the heart of the system we find damages, which provides an efficient (...)

Participation of international non-governmental organizations in the application of international legal norms

2026-10-15T02:18:59+00:00

In the article, the issues related to the participation of international non-governmental organizations in the application of international legal norms have been extensively analyzed based on the existing diversity of opinions and international legal norms in the legal literature. It was noted that modern international relations and international law are characterized by the increasing number of international non-governmental organizations, the expansion of their role and importance in the modern (...)

Mecanismele legale de protecție a drepturilor omului la un mediu sănătos

2026-10-15T02:18:57+00:00

The protection of the human right to a healthy environment cannot be achieved in the absence of legal and effective mechanisms in place, that would regulate it. Mechanisms responsible for the protection of the right to a healthy environment/environmental matters do not only guarantee the assurance and possibility of exercising such rights, but also constitute an important procedural right on its own. Environmental issues will largely trigger the proper functioning of the mechanisms set to protect (...)

Restorative justice between the need to bring to justice those guilty of committing international crimes and conventional crimes and the implementation of the national reconciliation (...)

2026-10-15T02:18:57+00:00

When a deed is committed, the civil society of which the perpetrator is a part, considers it reprehensible, considering the relation of the deed to that society#39;s own value system. Since by the effect of committing such an act in society, another person has been injured in his physical being or in his property, who will have to bear the consequences of this injury? This is the essential issue of liability. The reprehensible social judgment of value will manifest itself in the form of a statement (...)

Aspecte privind reglementarea drepturilor omului în dreptul naţional şi dreptul internaţional

2026-10-15T02:18:56+00:00

The international protection of fundamental human rights and liberties is one of the modern international law priorities, having legal effects also upon the national legal regulation in the domain. The adjustment of national legislation in the sphere of fundamental human rights and liberties to the international standards, in this case, becomes one of the statesrsquo; priorities, an obligation recognized as an erga omnes rule.

Regimul conflictual al actelor şi faptelor juridice privind navigaţia civilă maritimă şi aeriană

2026-10-15T02:18:56+00:00

The issues adressed in the article concern the private international law regime applicable to legal acts and deeds related to maritime and air civil navigations. Thus, on the one hand, the article analyzes the application of the law of the flag of the ship or aircraft, as the law of the country with which the legal acts and deeds related to civil navigation are most closely connected, and on the other hand, it examines the scope of the applicable law, including the legal acts and deeds occurring (...)

Reconceptualizarea principiilor generale de drept în dreptul internațional: perspectiva Comisiei de drept internațional a ONU

2026-10-15T02:19:02+00:00

The Statute of the International Court of Justice enshrines, among the formal sources of law applicable by the Court in the settlement of disputes submitted to its jurisdiction, ldquo;the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations.rdquo; The nature of general principles of law, as referred to in Article 381c of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, has long remained unclear and debated in legal doctrine, with scholars arguing whether they should be regarded as autonomous (...)

Social media and the transformation of International Humanitarian Law in the digital era

2026-10-15T02:19:02+00:00

The twenty-first century has witnessed an unprecedented convergence of technology, communication, and conflict. Social media have transformed the way wars are documented, perceived, and even fought. Once designed for social interaction, these platforms have become instruments of power, influence, and psychological warfare. This paper explores the profound impact of social media and digital technologies on the interpretation and application of International Humanitarian Law IHL. Traditionally focused (...)

The Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflicts: Challenges, Violations, and Legal Mechanisms with a Focus on Women and Civilians

2026-10-15T02:19:02+00:00

This article examines the protection of human rights in armed conflicts through the evolving interaction between international humanitarian law IHL and international human rights law IHRL. It focuses on the systemic vulnerabilities of civilians and women, analyzing both normative frameworks and practical enforcement gaps. Drawing on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and international criminal law, the article advances the concept of selective activation as a structural limitation (...)

Bias in International Law

2026-10-16T02:31:46+00:00

This special issue looks at how cognitive bias matters to international law. We wish to shed light on the legal frames, labels, and cognitive biases that shape our understanding of international rules, the application of these rules and outcomes of international adjudicatory processes. Adopting the behavioural approach to international law, we focus on actual rather than assumed behaviour of actors taking part in the international legal process. The central idea of this approach is that human cognitive (...)

Temporal Elements in the Valuation of Environmental Damage:Reflections on the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Compensation Case before the International Court of Justice

2026-10-16T02:31:46+00:00

In the Costa Rica v. Nicaragua judgment of 2 February 2018, the International Court of Justice (icj), for the first time in its jurisprudence, explicitly accepted the compensability of environmental damage. Nonetheless, the valuation of environmental damage is less easy. Since conditions concerning the environment and its natural resources may change with the passage of time, there is a need to take the dynamics and variability of the environment into account in the valuation of environmental damage. (...)

The warification of international humanitarian law and the artifice of artificial intelligence in decision-support systems: restoring balance through the legitimacy of military ope (...)

2026-10-15T14:46:35+00:00

We are observing a worrying rise in civilian harm in armed conflict and at the same time an increasing autonomy in warfare. Both phenomena are happening against the backdrop of 75 years of the Geneva Conventions and the upcoming 50th anniversary of their Additional Protocols. In this context, IHL with its hallmark of balancing the principles of humanity and military necessity is facing unprecedented pressure. Over the past three decades, the narrative has shifted toward so-called "clean" warfare (...)

Upholding humanity: the role of redress in preventing and responding to civilian harm

2026-10-15T14:46:35+00:00

International humanitarian law (IHL) has been under immense pressure in the past few years. Despite IHL being created to mitigate suffering in armed conflicts, in recent years it has been leveraged by some as a means of justifying violence against civilians under the guise of proportionate incidental loss. With IHL lacking organic international accountability mechanisms, some States have “gamed” the rules of this body of law, resulting in military operations causing the deaths of tens of thousands (...)

Disordered Legal Pluralism and Legal Security in Internationally Shared Fisheries

2026-10-15T14:35:09+00:00

Attaining human security in fisheries is a complex but important objective that international law has so far failed to conquer. The implementation of international agreements, including for the purposes of recognising human rights, is instrumental for the protection of fisher security. However, the literature warns of a risk of ‘disordered’ legal pluralism, particularly where rules of diverse national origin constellate in the regulation of an internationally shared fishery, resulting in ineffectual (...)

Ending War, Deferring Justice?: International Criminal Law and the Islamabad Memorandum

2026-10-15T14:20:03+00:00

From East West Street to the Anthropocene: Philippe Sands in conversation with Hendrik Simon

2026-10-15T14:20:03+00:00

The interpretation of judgments of the international court of justice under article 60 of the ICJ statute: : a legal assessment of the preah vihear interpretation proceedings

2026-10-15T14:19:22+00:00

This thesis aims to explain and examine the judicial remedy of interpretation of judgments of the International Court of Justice as well as to analyze the interpretation proceedings regarding the 1962 Judgment of the Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear, mainly in the context of the admissibility of the request for interpretation. In a first step the thesis will provide general information regarding interpretation proceedings before the ICJ and explain under what conditions a judgment of the (...)

Italy's Rejection of the 2024 Amendments to the International Health Regulations

2026-10-15T14:14:54+00:00

Italy is among the few States that rejected the 2024 amendments to the International Health Regulations (“IHR”), a legally binding instrument adopted within the framework of the World Health Organization, which aims to prevent and respond to the international spread of disease. By declining to accept the amendments, Italy aligned itself with the position of the United States, adopting a markedly nationalistic approach to global health governance. The decision was strongly criticized by the opposition (...)

Access to environmental justice for NGOs: reviewing the EU legal standing criteria in light of the Aarhus Convention

2026-10-15T05:37:36+00:00

[Abstract] The human right of access to justice has been conceptualized by the Aarhus Convention in light of international environmental law, creating a right of access to environmental justice and recognizing an important role for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the enforcement and protection of this right. Considering that the European Union is a member to the Aarhus Convention, the EU criteria for legal standing should be interpreted in light of the Aarhus Convention. What we see here (...)

The application of EU law from the national judge's perspective:a plea for an interdisciplinary approach

2026-10-15T05:37:33+00:00

The application of EU law is chiefly carried out by Member States. Notably, national courts play a pivotal role in that respect, as EU Treaties specifically impose on them the duty to grant legal remedies in the fields of EU law. Accordingly, socio-legal scholarship has focused on the role of national courts in the application and enforcement of EU law 'on the ground'. Existing empirical and doctrinal studies have shed light on judges' experiences with, attitudes towards, and knowledge of EU law. (...)

The International Court of Justice and the Irony of System-Design

2026-10-15T02:41:35+00:00

The idea that international law constitutes a system is an unsurprisingly popular construction in the legal academy. This article argues that international lawyers have found in the International Court of Justice (hereafter the ICJ) and its sources-based and rules-based modes of legal reasoning the support and the necessary components to build (and sell) their much-cherished idea of an international legal system. As this article argues, such process of system-design rests on a fundamental irony. (...)

Activitatea Curții Europene a Drepturilor Omului în contextul conflictelor armate

2026-10-15T02:19:04+00:00

În ceea ce privește aspectele activității Curții în conflictele armate, în aplicarea Convenției și a dreptului internațional umanitar simultan, Curtea consideră conflictele armate ca fiind situații în care normele Convenției și a dreptului internațional umanitar se aplică în mod paralel. Aplicarea drepturilor omului poate fi restricționată numai prin rezervări oficiale făcute de state în conformitate cu procedurile legale. Curta Europeană evaluează cât de adecvate și proporționale sunt restricțiile (...)

Спрямованість міжнародного співробітництва у сфері вищої освіти в умовах воєнного стану на захист прав людини

2026-10-15T02:19:04+00:00

International cooperation in higher education is an integral part of educational and scientific activities, as well as the state policy in the field of higher education. The martial law affects the activities of universities as one of the main subjects of legal relations in international cooperation in higher education in various aspects material, scientific, legal, international, methodological, etc. It is obvious that each new feature of the educational process and scientific activity being generated (...)

The reality of victimsrsquo; reparations under article 75 of Rome statute

2026-10-15T02:19:03+00:00

In the article the theoretical research is providing the illustration of the impact of victimsrsquo; reparations under Article 75 of Rome Statute and demonstrating the practical issues of todayrsquo; reality connected with Trust Fund for Victims and the International Criminal Court. The analysis of legal literature is carried out on research of the concept of Rome Statute and on comparison of the ICC decisions in Lubanga 2012, Katanga 2017 and Bemba 2017 cases. For the purpose of clearly understanding (...)

The role of the united nations in the management of health crises: Ebola and COVID-19

2026-10-15T02:19:03+00:00

This research examines how the United Nations UN responded to two of the most significant health crises of the 21st century: the Ebola outbreak in West Africa 2014ndash;2016 and the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020. Through a comparative methodology, the study highlights the differences between the tactics applied, the speed of intervention, the organizational structures mobilized, and the challenges faced in each context. For the Ebola situation, the UN intervened through a newly established (...)

Evoluția istorica a companiilor militare și de securitate private partea II

2026-10-15T02:18:50+00:00

In the contemporary period, especially after the Cold War, private military and security companies are developing at a fast pace, and international legal regulations are non-existent. The presence of employees of private military and security companies in the grey zones and in military operations is a reality. The legal regulation of the status of these companies, the types and essence of the services provided, as well as the legal mechanism for prosecuting employees seriously infringing the provisions (...)

Présentation

2026-10-14T14:54:21+00:00

Against the backdrop of profound democratic and geopolitical tensions in 2025, the European Court of Human Rights’case law is examined. This article explores how the Court is navigating a balance between caution and preserving the safeguards enshrined in the Convention in the face of new challenges and threats.

Comparative Interpretation Standards in Uniform International Law

2026-10-14T14:38:46+00:00

In this chapter, the author offers a horizontal comparison of interpretation standards contained in international legal instruments of different origin. These legal instruments range from international treaties to model laws. They also originate from different law makers such as the United Nations or individual states as well as trade or academic organisations, mainly regulating civil and commercial matters. The author argues that this comparison can provide the basis for the development of a uniform (...)

From the Colonialism to the Courtroom ; The Essequibo Border Dispute in Historical and Legal Perspective ; A gyarmatosítástól a tárgyalóteremig – Az Essequibo-határvita történeti és (...)

2026-10-14T04:48:00+00:00

This thesis explores the historical and legal dimensions of the territorial dispute between Venezuela and Guyana over the Essequibo region. It traces the origins of the conflict back to colonial times, analyzing competing claims stemming from Spanish exploration, Dutch settlement, and British inheritance. The paper examines how the uti possidetis juris principle and the 1899 arbitral award have shaped the legal arguments of both states. It also evaluates the resurgence of the dispute during Guyana’s (...)

The Influence of the Concept of International Legal Personality on the Drafting of the PCIJ Statute

2026-10-16T02:31:47+00:00

In 1920, when the Advisory Committee of Jurists was appointed by the Council of the League of Nations to be responsible for the development of a Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), it was conventional wisdom among scholars that only states could possess international legal personality. It would therefore seem safe to assume that the limited role of individuals under the adopted Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ Statute) was a direct result of the orthodox (...)

Between Fact and Opinion:The Sui Generis Approach to Expert Witness Testimony in International Criminal Trials

2026-10-16T02:31:44+00:00

It is a fundamental tenet of the law of evidence, spanning all jurisdictions, that witness testimony should ideally be delivered in open court by the individual who observed the event in question, or by the expert whose technical knowledge is relied upon. A notable exception to this principle has emerged in the field of international criminal justice, where courts and tribunals may allow 'summarising witnesses' to present a summation of witness testimony. In the case of Ayyash et al., the Special (...)

Reinventing or Rediscovering International Law? The Russian Constitutional Court’s Uneasy Dialogue with the European Court of Human Rights

2026-10-16T02:31:44+00:00

This article discusses interactions between the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court of Human Rights. More specifically, it critically examines evolving legal reasoning of the CC with respect to its interpretation of international law. Furthermore, it reflects on broader implications of the CC’s recent rulings that reaffirm the primacy of the Constitution of the Russian Federation over the ECtHR judgments in part where they appear to be contrary to the constitutional (...)

Reflections on Certain Witnesses Protective Measures Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

2026-10-15T23:57:03+00:00

The witness protection framework at the International Criminal Court (ICC) was made to comply with internationally recognized standards of fundamental human rights, with international standards of fair trial and due process. Its purpose is not only to ensure protection of the physical and psychological integrity of witnesses testifying before the Court but also to ensure respect for the individual rights of the accused and the legitimacy of the proceedings to establish the truth and punish the perpetrators. (...)

The governance gap: Determinants of health, international humanitarian law violations, and the case for health diplomacy

2026-10-15T23:49:34+00:00

Twelve years after the Lancet-Oslo University Commission on Global Governance for Health [2] global governance frameworks for protecting health in conflict continue to be treated as separate humanitarian, geopolitical, and security issues rather than an integrated part of everyday public health governance. We sit in a time of record attacks on healthcare and severe consequences of armed conflict. In 2024, over 3,600 attacks on healthcare were recorded globally, a 15% increase from 2023, and 62% increase (...)

#60 Internationales Recht und Anarchismus – Brauchen wir noch Institutionen?

2026-10-15T14:20:03+00:00

Anarchismus und Recht – passt das überhaupt zusammen? Und was hat der Abolitionismus damit zu tun? Auf den ersten Blick scheinen diese Ansätze kaum vereinbar. Gleichzeitig steht die internationale Rechtsordnung zunehmend unter Druck: Institutionen des Völkerrechts werden kritisiert, ihre Legitimität infrage gestellt. Und doch sind Entscheidungen internationaler Gerichte gefragter denn je – etwa im Zusammenhang mit den Kriegen in Gaza und der Ukraine. In dieser Folge diskutieren wir unterschiedliche (...)

Four Petals, One Owner?: Louis Vuitton v. Molly Tea and the Human-Rights Limits of International Trademark Protection

2026-10-15T14:20:03+00:00

Towards Corporate Obligations for Freshwater?:The European Commission’s Proposal for a Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive and Freshwater Issues

2026-10-15T05:37:42+00:00

Companies exert substantial pressures on freshwater. They may exacerbate depletion and can be a major source of pollution, adversely impacting human rights and the environment. Recent years have seen the emergence of regulatory instruments that aim to address adverse impacts by corporate activities on people and the planet. These have culminated in the European Commission’s 2022 Proposal for a Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, which seeks to introduce an obligation for large EU companies (...)

Private International Law Responses to Corruption - Approaches to Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments and the International Fight Against Corruption

2026-10-15T05:37:31+00:00

This paper explores how private international law responds to corruption, with a focus on the assessment of international jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The question is what the possible private international law responses are in cases where a foreign court or a foreign judgment is tainted by corruption. The paper evaluates to what extent private international law provides adequate mechanisms to deal with corrupt conduct and how courts approach allegations (...)

Safety of scientific medical research is a State obligation

2026-10-15T05:37:31+00:00

Conducting scientific medical research with human subjects presents risks that raise both ethical and human rights concerns. We argue in this article that applying a human rights framework to the problems that arise in the context of scientific medical research can contribute to a better understanding of the impact on individuals, the related obligations of the State, and the avenues to make the State accountable when things go wrong. We start our analysis with a case brought to the European Court (...)

The Protection of International Watercourses as Sources of Fresh Water in the Interest of Future Generations

2026-10-15T05:37:27+00:00

The main instruments of International Humanitarian Law

2026-10-15T02:19:04+00:00

International humanitarian law IHL, also known as the ldquo;law of armed conflictrdquo; or ldquo;the law of war,rdquo; is a key branch of international law that regulates conduct during armed conflict. The primary purpose of IHL is to limit the effects of armed conflict on persons and property, by protecting persons not directly participating in hostilities such as civilians, medical personnel, and humanitarian personnel and by restricting the means and methods of warfare. The principal instruments (...)

Комплексна експертиза у випадках сексуального насильства в умовах війни: забезпечення прав людини та механіхми правового регулювання

2026-10-15T02:19:02+00:00

The article is devoted to the issues of comprehensive examination in cases of sexual violence committed during military conflicts, with an emphasis on ensuring human rights and legal mechanisms for regulating such processes. The authors analyze the key aspects of interdisciplinary expertise, which includes medical, psychological and legal components, aimed at a comprehensive study of the circumstances of crimes of a sexual nature. In the conditions of the war, special attention was paid to the problem (...)

Interpretarea sintagmei bdquo;o parterdquo; din art. 248 alin. 1 al legii insolvabilității în contextul răspunderii patrimoniale a organelor de conducere

2026-10-15T02:18:56+00:00

This article examines the legal controversy surrounding the extent of the obligation to cover the debtorrsquo;s liabilities by the members of the management bodies within the framework of subsidiary liability as regulated by the Insolvency Law. It analyzes the divergent case law resulting from the restrictive interpretation of the phrase ldquo;a partrdquo; in Article 248 paragraph 1, highlighting the implications of this interpretation on lower-ranking creditors. The article formulates proposals (...)

Responsibility of actors involved in conflicts

2026-10-15T02:18:55+00:00

The responsibility of actors involved in armed conflicts is essential for the respect of international humanitarian law and fundamental human rights. This responsibility lies with both States and non-State armed groups, international organisations and other parties involved. All actors have the obligation to protect the civilian population, to prevent war crimes and other serious abuses, and to respect the rules applicable during hostilities. The rigour of respect for fundamental rights and freedoms (...)

Statutul juridic al refugiatului în dreptul internaţional

2026-10-15T02:18:55+00:00

The important academic issue addressed in the thesis concerns the effectiveness of the international legal framework on refugee protection in international law. This involves analysing doctrinal reflections on refugees; assessing the existing legal system, including the 1951 Geneva Convention and the 1967 Protocol, in the context of the increasing number of refugees worldwide; identifying ambiguities and gaps in the legal framework, as well as difficulties in interpreting and applying international (...)