FID Recht - 341 - Völkerrecht

Involuntary Placement and Treatment of Persons with Mental Disorders : A Shift in the Human Rights Paradigm

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

Mental health laws worldwide authorise involuntary hospitalisation and treatment of persons with mental disorders. The debate over the future of mental health care has spurred two competing positions: one supporting traditional resort to compulsion in psychiatry, and the other arguing that such practices are incompatible with the newly emerged human rights standards. This study explores the permissibility of involuntary interventions in mental health care under international and regional human r[...]

The impact of social media on international humanitarian law : A Pyrrhic victory? : The negative and positive impacts of social media on the laws of war ; Sociala mediers inverkan på internationell humanitär rätt

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

Social media has become a force to be reckoned with in armed conflicts. The impact social media can have on international humanitarian law (IHL) are many, and a subject which has not been considered sufficiently in international legal studies. This thesis will analyze different areas of IHL, to establish what impacts social media may have on them. The most alarming instance where social media can impact IHL is civilian direct participation in hostilities, a factor which can have dire consequence[...]

Irretrievably Prejudiced? : The Right to Legal Aid in Exclusion Proceedings at First Instance within the European Union

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

Article 1F of the Refugee Convention obliges contracting states to exclude individuals suspected of having committed certain grave crimes from the scope of the Refugee Convention. While taking place within the administrative setting of asylum procedure, exclusion proceedings share many similarities with criminal proceedings and may inflict severe and life-long consequences upon an individual. Regardless, asylum seekers subject to exclusion proceedings do not have the formal status of a defendant[...]

The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to Organised Criminal Organisations : an Analysis of Mexico and the Zetas Cartel

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

The definition of ‘organised crime’ has evolved during the last decades to adapt to this ever-changing phenomenon. As a consequence of globalisation, criminal organisations expanded their reach by transporting illicit goods from one border to another. With the ratification of the Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime, stated established a suitable definition of organised crime to eradicate this phenomenon. However, there are situations in which the level of violence exerted by crimina[...]

Restricting the Liberty of Movement of Asylum Seekers : A Study of the Compatibility with International Human Rights Law

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

The restriction of asylum-seekers liberty of movement is a common occurrence. Asylum-seekers are often deprived of their liberty or have their liberty of movement restricted when they arrive in a new country. Places where the asylum-seekers regularly are placed are airports, prisons, asylum centres and land and sea borders, often for extended periods of time. The COVID-19 pandemic has created new challenges for States when they are restricting the liberty of movement of asylum-seekers. States al[...]

International Criminal Law and Environmental Protection : Prosecuting Crimes of Ecocide at the ICC

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

The consequences of climate change and environmental degradation are increasingly felt around the world. As awareness about the environmental crisis is growing, calls for addressing this global issue also through international criminal law (ICL) have been made. In June 2021 an Independent Expert Panel, convened by the Stop Ecocide Foundation, introduced a proposal for a legal definition for the crime of ecocide, with the aim of starting discussions on amending the Rome Statute of the Internation[...]

The right to reparation for conflict-related gender-based violations of international law : The individual’s right to reparation in international humanitarian law and human rights law applicable in Africa

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

During armed conflicts, gender-based violence is commonly used as a method of warfare, and women and girls disproportionately make up a majority of the victims. International humanitarian law, regulating the two parties of a conflict, has for long remained a body of law that has not addressed individual rights. Though arguments towards a more victim-centric interpretations have emerged, an individual right to reparation for violations of international humanitarian law still remains to be enforce[...]

Deprivation of citizenship on grounds of terrorism and the compatibility of the measure with the principle of ne bis in idem under the European Convention on Human Rights

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

The increasing interest in using deprivation of citizenship as a counter-terrorism measure on convicted or suspected terrorists has been heavily criticised. This thesis examines whether the deprivation of citizenship on the grounds of a criminal conviction for a terrorist offence violates the principle of ne bis in idem as protected under Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), where the individual in question has already been convicted in the same state in[...]

Starvation as a Method of Warfare : A Case Study of Russian Actions in the War in Ukraine

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

This Master's thesis examines the prohibition of the use of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare under International Humanitarian Law (IHL), focusing on potential violations by Russia during the war in Ukraine in 2022. The devastating destruction and impact on civilians during the war in Ukraine has been well documented, giving rise to allegations of Russia deliberately targeting the civilian population and aggravating food insecurity in the country, in violation of IHL. Allegations of[...]

Who is a Legitimate Target in International Humanitarian Law?

2026-03-06T04:44:07+00:00

There has always been the notion that there are specific items and people that can be legitimately attacked during armed conflicts. This notion/concept has evolved over time alongside the various international humanitarian law principles. The principles of international humanitarian law sets guiding principles for the conduct of hostilities during armed conflicts. This therefore made it imperative for the adoption of a law that will protect victims of armed conflict from indiscriminate and targe[...]

Safeguard Mechanism in Jordan: Protection of the Domestic Industry

2026-02-27T13:08:31+00:00

The WTO Agreement on Safeguards prescribes each member to adopt appropriate domestic legislation before it imposes safeguard measures. Historically, Jordan enacted its first WTO-compatible safeguard law, known as the National Production Protection Law No.4 of 1998 (“NPP Law”), in 1998 on the eve of Jordan’s accession to the WTO. Afterward, it amended its NPP Law of 1998. So now, Jordan’s safeguard system is based on the amended NPP Law No. 50 of 2002 and Regulation on Safeguard of National Produ[...]

The humanitarian assistance dilemma explained: the implications of the refugee crisis in Tanzania in 1994

2026-02-27T13:08:31+00:00

Despite the good intention of humanitarian agencies, humanitarian assistance and relief aid exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in Tanzania during 1994. In the case of Tanzania, humanitarian assistance relieved belligerents’ burden of sustaining conflicts, created safe spaces for armed combatants, undermined local economies, bestowed legitimacy upon belligerents, and fed armed combatants. This situation hence posed the typical humanitarian assistance dilemma for humanitarian agencies. While most[...]

Governance and Regulation of Autonomous Weapons and Cybersecurity (2016–2024): The Influence of States, International Organizations, and Civil Society on International Humanitarian Law

2026-02-27T13:08:35+00:00

Between 2016 and 2024, the rapid development of emerging military technologies, such aslethal autonomous weapons, artificial intelligence applied to warfare, and cyber warfare, has posedsignificant challenges to International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This article critically analyzes the influenceof States, international organizations, and civil society in shaping the legal and ethical frameworksaddressing these issues. Using a qualitative, hermeneutic approach, it examines global actors’ discours[...]

The Impact of Revolution 4.0 on International Law and Arms Regulation (2016-2024)

2026-02-27T13:08:34+00:00

This research examines the impact of Revolution 4.0 on International Law and arms regulation, particularly in the period 2016-2024, through a critical and socio-legal approach, it analyzes the challenges imposed on International Humanitarian Law (IHL) by new technologies applied to armed conflicts, such as autonomous weapons systems (AWS), artificial intelligence (AI) and cyberwarfare. These innovations have reshaped the modern battlefield, posing serious challenges to the application of fundame[...]

Justified Exception to the Prohibition on Use of Force

2026-02-27T13:08:34+00:00

After nearly 76 years following the UN Charter, the dominant feature of the multilateral international order has shifted from a focus on states’ sovereignty to the rights of the individual. It is now widely accepted that human rights are not the province of any one state’s domestic affairs, but of importance to the entire international community. The UN Security Council sits atop the supra-state order, and holds the ultimate authority to initiate consensus-based, collective action so as to limit[...]

African Challenges to the International Criminal Court: An Example of Populism?

2026-02-27T13:08:34+00:00

Recent global efforts of the United States and England to withdraw from international institutions, along with recent challenges to human rights courts from Poland and Hungary, have been described as part of a growing global populist backlash against the liberal international order. Several scholars have even identified the recent threat of mass withdrawal of African states from the International Criminal Court (ICC) as part of this global populist backlash. Are the African challenges to the ICC[...]

Practical Reasons and interpretation of Customary International Law

2026-02-27T13:08:32+00:00

When we say that we interpret customary international law, what is this thing that we actually interpret? Depending on how we answer this question, our view on interpretative methodology will change. It seems that the most promising approach is to say that interpretation of customary international law is an interpretation of certain legal practices. However, here we also encounter some problems. The dominant doctrine of customary international law requiring state practice and opinio juris assume[...]

National Court Decisions as Empirical Evidence of Legal, Epistemic, and Ethical Failure in International Human Rights Adjudication

2026-02-27T13:08:32+00:00

This material accompanies a previously published article in an international law and psychiatry journal and provides a more detailed empirical description of national court decisions underlying its main claims. The published article argued that the examined case reveals a legal, epistemic, and ethical failure in the handling of psychiatric expertise and its interpretation within international human rights adjudication, including the assessment of such expertise by the European Court of Human Rig[...]

Examination of the Role of International Law in Peace Building and Conflict Resolution

2026-02-27T13:08:32+00:00

International conventions, such as the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime1 and its protocols, provide comprehensive legal frameworks for addressing various aspects of transnational crime, including human trafficking, drug trafficking, and smuggling of migrants. Additionally, the United Nations Security Council has adopted several resolutions, such as Resolution 1373, which mandate States to enhance legal measures to prevent and suppress terrorist financing, recruitme[...]

What's So Good About Environmental Human Rights?: Constitutional Versus International Environmental Rights

2026-02-27T13:08:31+00:00

In recent decades, environmental rights have been increasingly developed at both the national and international level, along with increased adjudication of these rights in both national (constitutional) courts and international human rights courts. These parallel trends raise a question as to whether it is better to develop and adjudicate environmental rights at the national or international level. This article considers the case made by James May and Erin Daly in favor of developing environment[...]

Objectivity in Legal Judgment

2026-02-27T13:08:31+00:00

Some are skeptical about the possibility of objectivity in law. In this article, I argue that common law legal adjudication can yield objective judgments, based on a legitimate conception of objectivity, one that shares in the kind of objectivity available to scientific and ethical judgments.

The Burden and Order of Proof in WTO Claims: Evolving Issues

2026-02-27T13:08:31+00:00

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is one of the best dispute settlement mechanisms in the world. Under WTO rules, aggrieved parties must establish a “prima facie” case before the panel can call on the offending party to respond to the claims. The objective of the present study is to critically evaluate the application of the concept of burden of proof underWTOdispute settlement mechanism.

Il trattato 'incompiuto'. L'Accordo sulla Luna del 1979 e altre norme internazionali rilevanti per l'uso delle risorse naturali nello spazio esterno

2026-02-20T17:03:09+00:00

The essay explores the international legal framework for the exploitation of natural resources located on the Moon, asteroids and other celestial bodies; a kind of space activity which is deemed to become feasible within the next two decades. The legal framework comprises the Outer Space Treaty (OST) of 1967, which apply to any space activity and, as a lex specialis, the Moon Treaty of 1979. Article 11 of latter established that the Moon and lunar resources are 'the common heritage of mankind" ([...]

Migration Issues before International Courts and Tribunals

2026-02-20T17:03:06+00:00

This volume is intended to collect selected contributions on the role of international Courts and Tribunals in the development and/or application of migration law, fostering a dialogical approach among scholars, experts and policy makers in addressing relevant issues of judicial practice in the field. It provides a comprehensive critical review of international case-law on both general and specific questions arising in specific domains of international law related to human migration, such as the[...]

International Cooperation for the Protection of the Environment and Sustainable Development - The Situation Today

2026-02-20T17:03:05+00:00

One of the principal lacunae in the present legal framework lies, in the Author's opinion, in the separation between law applicable in peace time and problems concerning environmental protection and the fight against hunger in time of war, and/or in unstable areas, or in the presence of unresolved conflict. Militarization, war and armed conflict are part of the current scene in international relations and wreak serious damage to the environment, often to a point beyond possible repair. Related p[...]

International Legal Regime on Outer Space: Liability Convention and Registration Convention

2026-02-20T17:03:05+00:00

Partecipazione ai processi decisionali e accesso alla giustizia delle associazioni ambientali a tutela degli habitat naturali di importanza europea

2026-02-20T17:03:05+00:00

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) interprets Article 6 of the Habitats Directive in light of the Aarhus Convention to give Environmental NGOs public participation rights. In addition, the Court confirms that NGOs must be able to access national courts to enforce these rights by virtue of Article 9 of the Aarhus Convention and Article 47 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. This was a preliminary ruling under Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Slovak aut[...]

‘Collateral Damages’ of Military Operations: Is Implementation of International Humanitarian Law possible Using International Human Rights Law Tools

2026-02-20T17:03:05+00:00

The aim of the essay is to take part in the largely debated question whether effective remedy is provided for victims of violations of international humanitarian law (IHL). Euphemistically, in cases in which respect and protection of the civilian population is not ensured, States tend to speak of 'collateral damages', a military jargon designating the wounding or the killing of civilians and the damage of their private goods as a consequence of military operations. The essay esamines some cases [...]

Collateral Damages of Military Operations: Is Implementation of International Humanitarian Law possible using International Human Rights Law Tools?

2026-02-20T17:03:05+00:00

The legal regime of outer space in light of the law of the sea

2026-02-20T17:03:04+00:00

11.1 Space law at its inception and analogy with other regimes Outer space is an area encompassed among spaces beyond the limits of national jurisdiction and for this reason its legal regime is often associated with those applicable to other common spaces, such as the high seas and the deep seabed, and to Antarctica. The legal regime concerning outer space, the Moon, and the other celestial bodies does not draw inspiration from a specific part of international law; rather it deals with a mixture[...]

The Issue of a Right to Water in International Law

2026-02-20T17:03:02+00:00

Analysis of the issues concerning the right to water in international law

Food Aid to Conflict Affected Populations: WFP Emergency Operation - The Case of Eastern Ukraine

2026-02-20T17:03:02+00:00

The increase in the number of areas where humanitarian emergencies are brought about by armed conflicts, and the enduring nature of these situations, call for research aimed at clarifying the international legal framework for food-aid operations, taking into consideration the developments and practices in the fields of human rights, humanitarian law, environmental law, and cooperation for sustainable development. In this article, therefore, the Author analyses the general problems of food aid in[...]

Enforcement Challenges in Human Rights Protection Under International Law

2026-02-16T16:55:39+00:00

Despite the proliferation of international human rights instruments, the enforcement of these rights remains a persistent challenge in global governance. This article explores the structural, legal, and political obstacles that hinder the effective protection of human rights under international law. Drawing on a qualitative library research approach, the study examines the limitations of international courts and treaty bodies, the lack of binding enforcement mechanisms, issues of state sovereign[...]

Transforming Soft Law Into Binding Commitments in International Human Rights

2026-02-16T16:55:39+00:00

This article explores the evolving role of soft law in the international human rights framework and analyzes how it can be transformed into binding legal commitments. Soft law non-binding declarations, resolutions, and guidelines plays a pivotal role in norm-setting and influencing state behavior despite its lack of formal enforceability. Through a qualitative doctrinal approach, this study examines historical precedents, mechanisms of norm internalization, and case studies where soft law has co[...]

国際家族法における当事者自治 ; コクサイカゾクホウニオケルトウジシャジチ ; Party autonomy in international family and succession law

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

thesis

紛争当事国の一部が条約の準備作業に参加していない場合の条約解釈における条約の準備作業の援用可能性 : 1929年オーデル河国際委員会事件常設国際司法裁判所命令を軸に ; 紛争当事国の一部が条約の準備作業に参加していない場合の、条約解釈における条約の準備作業の援用可能性 : 1929年「オーデル河国際委員会事件」常設国際司法裁判所命令を軸に ; フンソウトウジコクノイチブガジョウヤクノジュンビサギョウニサンカシテイナイバアイノジョウヤクカイシャクニオケルジョウヤクノジュンビサギョウノエンヨウカノウセイ : 1929ネンオーデルガワコクサイイインカイジケンジョウセツコクサイシホウサイバンショメイレイオジクニ ; Possibility of invocation of the travaux préparatoires in treaty interpretation in the case that a part of the parties didn't participate in them : focusing on the case of relating to the territorial jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River oder, order of August 20th, 1929

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

紛争当事国の一部が問題の条約の準備作業に不参加の場合に、当該条約の解釈において当該準備作業を援用する可能性の問題は、常設国際司法裁判所の1929年「オーデル河国際委員会事件」を契機に、これまで学説の中で議論されてきた。本稿では、当該問題に関する学説上の議論が、オーデル河国際委員会事件との関連で説得性を有するか検討する。 ; Is it allowed to invoke the travaux préparatoires of the treaty in question in treaty interpretation, in the case that a part of the parties didn't participate in them? This question has been discussed in international law after the Case of Relating to the Territorrial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder in 1[...]

日本の国際捕鯨取締条約の脱退に伴う法的課題 ; ニホンノコクサイホゲイトリシマリジョウヤクノダッタイニトモナウホウテキカダイ ; Legal issues accompanied by Japan's withdrawal of International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

2026-02-13T07:46:54+00:00

2018年12月26日、日本政府は、国際捕鯨取締条約からの脱退を公表した。この脱退通告に伴い、日本は2019年7月から商業捕鯨を再開することが可能となった。しかし、日本が商業捕鯨を再開するや、国連海洋法条約の締約国が日本を相手取って、同条約第65条や第194条5項の違反を理由に、強制的仲裁手続に訴える国際訴訟リスクがある。日本としては同条約第297条3項(a)但し書きによって、管轄権を否認することになろう。本論文は、日本がIWC脱退に至った背景とともに、こうした海洋法条約上の義務の抵触の有無について検討する。 ; On 26 December, 2018, Japan decided, towards commercial whaling to be resumed in July 2019, to withdraw from the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), in line with Japan's basic policy of promoting sustainable use o[...]

封鎖法上の均衡原則 : 武力紛争法体系における位置 ; フウサホウジョウノキンコウゲンソク : ブリョクフンソウホウタイケイニオケルイチ ; The principle of proportionality in blockade law

2026-02-13T07:46:54+00:00

海上封鎖を合法に維持する要件として近年新たに主張されている封鎖法上の均衡原則の存在を確認し、陸戦を中心とする国際人道法の発展を通して確立された既存の慣習武力紛争法上の均衡原則との差異を確認した。検討は両者が多くの点で共通している一方で、付随的損害の範囲について差異がありうることを示し、陸戦や砲爆撃の文脈を離れた慣習武力紛争法上の均衡原則の適用が慎重であるべきことを示した。 ; This article determines the existence of the proportionality principle in blockade law, in addition, ascertain the difference between the proportionality principle in blockade law and the proportionality principle in customary international humanitarian law. Research shows that they have a lot in common, on t[...]

非国際的武力紛争に適用される国際人道法の慣習法規則 : 赤十字国際委員会慣習国際人道法研究の批判的考察 ; 非国際的武力紛争に適用される国際人道法の慣習法規則 : 赤十字国際委員会『慣習国際人道法』研究の批判的考察 ; ヒコクサイテキブリョクフンソウニテキヨウサレルコクサイジンドウホウノカンシュウホウキソク : セキジュウジコクサイイインカイカンシュウコクサイジンドウホウケンキュウノヒハンテキコウサツ ; Customary International Humanitarian Law of Non-International Armed Conflicts : A Critical Analysis on the ICRC Study

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

論説(article) ; departmental bulletin paper

1951年ジェノサイド条約に対する留保勧告的意見にみるジェノサイド条約の解釈 : 条約当事国意思を軸に ; 1951年「ジェノサイド条約に対する留保勧告的意見」にみるジェノサイド条約の解釈 : 条約当事国意思を軸に ; 1951ネンジェノサイドジョウヤクニタイスルリュウホカンコクテキイケンニミルジェノサイドジョウヤクノカイシャク : ジョウヤクトウジコクイシオジクニ

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

本稿は、条約解釈規則を分析軸として、国際司法裁判所によるジェノサイド条約の判断が、条約当事国の意思に従っているのかについて検討する。本稿では、国際司法裁判所の判例の中でも、1951年「ジェノサイド条約の留保」勧告的意見に限定した結果、分析軸となる条約解釈規則も、当該勧告的意見当時の条約解釈規則に限定している。 ; This article examines by means of the rules of treaty interpretation whether the decisions of Genocide Convention by the International Court of Justice follows the intentions of the parties to the Convention. It focuses on Advisory Opinion of Resevations to the Convention on Genocide in Cases of the Court, so the rules are limited to them o[...]

アメリカカンキョウホウニオケルキュウサイホウリ ; アメリカ環境法における救済法理 ; アメリカカンキョウホウニオケルキュウサイホウリ ; Study on the remedies of U.S. environmental law

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

本論文では、日米両国の環境法における理論状況が法体系の性質からも大いに異なることを前提とした上で、米国において1970年代以降に制定された様々な環境法をめぐる議論を取り上げ、各種救済の態様について、事後救済、事前予防の両面から検証を行った。具体的には、我が国で検討の不十分な環境市民訴訟規定適用の根拠および要件と救済の機能、各種環境規制の導入において生じる収用をめぐる議論の検討を行った。 ; This research examined the remedies of U.S. environmental law after 1970s. While their legal systems are quite different, the argument in U.S. could be helpful that of Japanese. The focus point of research is on the ground of citizen suits provisions and on the case when the plaintiff made consent decr[...]

国際災害法に対する国際人道法の影響について ; コクサイサイガイホウニタイスルコクサイジンドウホウノエイキョウニツイテ ; The influence of international humanitarian law on the development of international disaster law

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

本稿は、国際災害法の近年の発展に対して国際人道法がいかなる影響を与えてきたかを検討したものである。災害は世界各地で発生しており、その頻発化、激甚化は、一国家のみでは対応できない状況を発生させている。このような状況下で適用される国際法の明確化のために、ILCは、2016年に「災害時の人の保護」に関する条文草案を採択した。本稿では、ILCの条文草案採択に至るまでの過程において、国際人道法が国際災害法に対して、いかなる影響を与えてきたかを検討した。 ; This paper examines how International Humanitarian Law has influenced the development of International Disaster Law, which governs disaster relief. In recent years, disasters have occurred across the globe with increasing frequency and severity, making it difficult for indi[...]

国際人道法における欺瞞及び虚偽情報 ; コクサイジンドウホウニオケルギマンオヨビキョギジョウホウ ; Deception, misinformation, disinformation, and international humanitarian law

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

本論文は、背信行為の禁止と合法的な奇計等を含む基本的概念を整理し、虚偽情報、欺瞞、とりわけ新しい戦争技術(人工知能とサイバー技術)に関する欺瞞、国際人道法の枠組みの中でどのように規制されているか、あるいは規制されるべきかを検討している。また、従来議論の俎上にのせられてこなかった背信行為に当たらないあらゆる欺瞞行為と虚偽情報についても、国際法上の規制が必要ではないかとの問題意識から、現行法上の解釈による規制の可能性とその限界を明確にすることを試みた。以上の検討を通して、武力紛争時の事実の改ざんへの規制に関する国際的な議論の基礎の構築に資することを目指した。 ; This dissertation examines the fundamental concepts applicable to deception, namely the prohibition of perfidy and the notion of lawful ruses. It analyzes how deception, misinformation, and disinformation—particularly[...]

非国際的武力紛争における海上での武力衝突に適用される法的パラダイムの研究 ; ヒコクサイテキブリョクフンソウニオケルカイジョウデノブリョクショウトツニテキヨウサレルホウテキパラダイムノケンキュウ ; Legal paradigms applicable to armed confrontations in non-international armed conflict at sea

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

非国際的武力紛争における海上での武力衝突の実際と、法執行と敵対行為でパラダイムの重複する非国際的武力紛争の特徴を踏まえ、複数の候補の比較検討から妥当する法的枠組みの解明に取り組んだ。研究はLTTEのように叛徒が国家と同様に海上での武力闘争を戦う能力を有している場合には敵対行為パラダイムの適用を通して捕獲法を除く武力紛争法に基づいた外国船舶を含む海上の目標への攻撃や干渉が行われうることを明らかにした。 ; This article clarifies the appropriate legal framework that applies to armed confrontation at sea in non-international armed conflict. Non-international armed conflict has the dual nature of law enforcement and hostilities. Nevertheless, the law enforcement paradigm is not competent for armed co[...]

武力紛争法上の環境的考慮の義務 : 攻撃の際の予防措置における環境損害防止のための相当の注意 ; 武力紛争法上の「環境的考慮」の義務 : 攻撃の際の予防措置における環境損害防止のための「相当の注意」 ; ブリョクフンソウホウジョウノカンキョウテキコウリョノギム : コウゲキノサイノヨボウソチニオケルカンキョウソンガイボウシノタメノソウトウノチュウイ ; Environmental considerations in Law of Armed Conflict : 'due diligence' to prevent environmental damage in precautions in attack

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

武力紛争法上の環境保護義務の具体的内容を明らかにするため、共に環境を保護対象とする国際環境法上の「相当の注意」義務に着目し、武力紛争法上の同種の義務と比較検討を行った。検討は、文脈の本質的違いがある場合を除き、武力紛争法上も国際環境法と同様の「相当の注意」を行う義務があることを明らかにした。ただし、国際環境法上の環境保護義務が開発と衡量されるように、武力紛争法では軍事的必要性と環境保護が衡量されることに留意が必要である。 ; This article clarifies the practical content of environmental protection under the law of armed conflict. Because of the law of armed conflict and the international environmental law share the environment as an object of protection, the study adopted a comparative analysis of the resp[...]

国際機関設立条約の解釈規則 : 条約法条約における通則と特則の関係をめぐって ; コクサイキカンセツリツジョウヤクノカイシャクキソク : ジョウヤクホウジョウヤクニオケルツウソクトトクソクノカンケイオメグッテ ; Interpretation of constituent instruments of international organizations under the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties

2026-02-13T07:46:53+00:00

論説(Article) ; departmental bulletin paper

Static and Evolutive Treaty Interpretation: A Functional Reconstruction

2026-02-06T15:09:59+00:00

Two paths to interpretative method -- Suggested solutions -- Mode of inquiry : functional reconstruction -- Historical account of the means of interpretation -- Cardinal cores of the rule : features of the process -- Interpretative knots : the system of the VCLT revisited -- Shout of encore : evolutive interpretation in the context of the VCLT -- Profiling courts : a framework of analysis -- The International Court of Justice : peacemakers and disputants -- The European Court of Human Rights : a[...]

How does the World Trade Organisation know? The mobilization and staging of scientific expertise in the GMO trade dispute

2026-02-06T05:04:53+00:00

The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement procedure is a key arena for establishing global legal norms for what counts as relevant knowledge. As a high-profile case, the WTO trade dispute on GMOs mobilized scientific expertise in somewhat novel ways. Early on, the Panel put the dispute under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement through a new legal ontology; it classified transgenes as potential pests and limited all environmental issues to the ‘plant and animal health’ cate[...]

The right to life on the battlefield

2026-02-06T05:04:53+00:00

This article explores the development of human rights law in the context of examing a UK Supreme Court decision restricting the rights of soldiers. A judicial decision can arrest the development of law. In holding that the Human Rights Act 1998 does not apply to armed forces on foreign soil, the Supreme Court recoiled from an important opportunity to underline the true significance of human rights.

Serious Breaches, the Draft Articles on State Responsibility and Universal Jurisdiction

2026-02-06T05:04:53+00:00

On its fifty-first session, the International Law Commission (henceforth, “ILC”) adopted the Draft Articles on State Responsibility (henceforth, “Draft Articles”) and submitted them to the General Assembly for approval in 2001. The work of the ILC on the Draft Articles took more than forty-four years before the Draft Articles reached their final shape. During the process of their drafting, several of its special rapporteurs came up with different solutions to the various problems at hand. One ch[...]

Human rights law

2026-02-06T05:04:53+00:00

This is a definition of Human Rights Law in the Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Space Law . Providing a comprehensive and timely overview of the evolving landscape of space law, this Encyclopedia emphasises the importance of international collaboration in maintaining outer space as a peaceful domain. This Encyclopedia illustrates how the demise of the bipolar world order changed the paradigm of international legal developments in outer space activities, while the need to guarantee the security, sa[...]

The Relationship between Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Non-International Armed Conflicts

2026-02-06T05:04:52+00:00

The Ethics of Law: How US/UK Intervention in Iraq and Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Breach the Principle of Virtue and International Law

2026-02-06T05:04:52+00:00

The war in Iraq and the recent war in Ukraine symbolise the importance of resolving the crisis of international law and laws of war. In addition, the problematic aspect of these wars stems from the misconception of aggression or the composition of aggression. This falsity consists solely of the concept of aggression under international law, which has been abused, fragmented and confused. Therefore, this false idea of the concept of aggression under international law contributes to the developmen[...]

The Concept of Effective Remedies in the Albanian Legal System, Particularly as Regards Meeting its Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights, (art. 13)

2026-02-06T05:04:52+00:00

The study contains a comparative analysis of the requirements of Article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as developed in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and the related regulation in the Albanian legal framework and practical implementation. The goal is to assess the quality and scope of the legal protection of the right to an effective remedy in the domestic legal framework. The study identifies the compatibility of the constitutional and legal provisions with[...]

Measuring the Quality of the International Judiciary: The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice

2026-02-06T05:04:52+00:00

The ever-growing and increasingly important role played by international courts in the administration of justice has necessitated the assessment of the quality of their decision-making process and other concepts relating to the performance of these courts, even more so in the case of the ECOWAS Community Court of Justice (the ECOWAS Court or the Court), the regional court for West Africa, which has become a go-to alternative for litigants who do not have faith in the judiciaries in their member [...]

Space Debris: A Basis for Actively Removing Objects Under an International Legal Order

2026-02-06T05:04:51+00:00

With over 500,000 objects in orbit, space pollution has now become a scientific, legal, and ethical issue and raises concerns on what the international community can do through existing ‘hard law’ and the development of ‘soft law’ to help tackle the problem. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the application of the evolutionary principle of treaty interpretation to the Outer Space Treaty, enables for active removal of space debris in a manner consistent with space governance and whi[...]

The 2003-06 WTO GMO dispute: Implications for the SPS Agreement

2026-02-06T05:04:51+00:00

[Conclusion-Summary] The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement procedure is a key arena for establishing global legal norms for what counts as relevant knowledge. As a high-profile case, the WTO trade dispute on GMOs mobilized and appropriated scientific expertise in somewhat novel ways. As shown above, the Panel interpreted the SPS framework as a requirement for ‘risk assessment’ – quantifying likelihoods and consequences, and imposing extra burdens upon the defendant to produce evi[...]

Die vollständige Netzentgeltbefreiung stromintensiver Unternehmen verstößt gegen Beihilfenrecht

2026-02-02T11:21:05+00:00

Die Europäische Kommission hat eine weitere energierechtliche Privilegierung stromintensiver Unternehmen zumindest teilweise gekippt. Wenig überraschend erklärte sie die deutsche Regelung des § 19 Abs. 2 S. 2 Stromnetzentgeltverordnung (StromNEV), die eine vollumfängliche Befreiung dieser Unternehmen von der Netzentgeltzahlung in den Jahren 2012 und 2013 vorsah, für mit dem Beihilfenrecht unvereinbar. Die seit 2014 Gültigkeit besitzende Neufassung dieses Privilegierungstatbestandes genehmigte si[...]

Von Schrotflinten und dünnem Eis: Darf sich Deutschland an einem Militäreinsatz in Syrien beteiligen oder nicht?

2026-02-02T11:21:05+00:00

A Future Treaty on Business and Human Rights: Its Main Functions

2026-02-02T11:21:05+00:00

FID Recht - 341 - Völkerrecht

Involuntary Placement and Treatment of Persons with Mental Disorders : A Shift in the Human Rights Paradigm

The impact of social media on international humanitarian law : A Pyrrhic victory? : The negative and positive impacts of social media on the laws of war ; Sociala mediers inverkan på internationell humanitär rätt

Irretrievably Prejudiced? : The Right to Legal Aid in Exclusion Proceedings at First Instance within the European Union

The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to Organised Criminal Organisations : an Analysis of Mexico and the Zetas Cartel

Restricting the Liberty of Movement of Asylum Seekers : A Study of the Compatibility with International Human Rights Law

International Criminal Law and Environmental Protection : Prosecuting Crimes of Ecocide at the ICC

The right to reparation for conflict-related gender-based violations of international law : The individual’s right to reparation in international humanitarian law and human rights law applicable in Africa

Deprivation of citizenship on grounds of terrorism and the compatibility of the measure with the principle of ne bis in idem under the European Convention on Human Rights

Starvation as a Method of Warfare : A Case Study of Russian Actions in the War in Ukraine

Who is a Legitimate Target in International Humanitarian Law?

Safeguard Mechanism in Jordan: Protection of the Domestic Industry

The humanitarian assistance dilemma explained: the implications of the refugee crisis in Tanzania in 1994

Governance and Regulation of Autonomous Weapons and Cybersecurity (2016–2024): The Influence of States, International Organizations, and Civil Society on International Humanitarian Law

The Impact of Revolution 4.0 on International Law and Arms Regulation (2016-2024)

Justified Exception to the Prohibition on Use of Force

African Challenges to the International Criminal Court: An Example of Populism?

Practical Reasons and interpretation of Customary International Law

National Court Decisions as Empirical Evidence of Legal, Epistemic, and Ethical Failure in International Human Rights Adjudication

Examination of the Role of International Law in Peace Building and Conflict Resolution

What's So Good About Environmental Human Rights?: Constitutional Versus International Environmental Rights

Objectivity in Legal Judgment

The Burden and Order of Proof in WTO Claims: Evolving Issues

Il trattato 'incompiuto'. L'Accordo sulla Luna del 1979 e altre norme internazionali rilevanti per l'uso delle risorse naturali nello spazio esterno

Migration Issues before International Courts and Tribunals

International Cooperation for the Protection of the Environment and Sustainable Development - The Situation Today

International Legal Regime on Outer Space: Liability Convention and Registration Convention

Partecipazione ai processi decisionali e accesso alla giustizia delle associazioni ambientali a tutela degli habitat naturali di importanza europea

‘Collateral Damages’ of Military Operations: Is Implementation of International Humanitarian Law possible Using International Human Rights Law Tools

Collateral Damages of Military Operations: Is Implementation of International Humanitarian Law possible using International Human Rights Law Tools?

The legal regime of outer space in light of the law of the sea

The Issue of a Right to Water in International Law

Food Aid to Conflict Affected Populations: WFP Emergency Operation - The Case of Eastern Ukraine

Enforcement Challenges in Human Rights Protection Under International Law

Transforming Soft Law Into Binding Commitments in International Human Rights

国際家族法における当事者自治 ; コクサイ カゾク ホウ ニオケル トウジシャ ジチ ; Party autonomy in international family and succession law

日本の国際捕鯨取締条約の脱退に伴う法的課題 ; ニホン ノ コクサイ ホゲイ トリシマリ ジョウヤク ノ ダッタイ ニ トモナウ ホウテキ カダイ ; Legal issues accompanied by Japan's withdrawal of International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

封鎖法上の均衡原則 : 武力紛争法体系における位置 ; フウサ ホウジョウ ノ キンコウ ゲンソク : ブリョク フンソウ ホウ タイケイ ニオケル イチ ; The principle of proportionality in blockade law

アメリカ カンキョウホウ ニ オケル キュウサイ ホウリ ; アメリカ環境法における救済法理 ; アメリカ カンキョウ ホウ ニオケル キュウサイ ホウリ ; Study on the remedies of U.S. environmental law

国際災害法に対する国際人道法の影響について ; コクサイ サイガイ ホウ ニ タイスル コクサイ ジンドウ ホウ ノ エイキョウ ニツイテ ; The influence of international humanitarian law on the development of international disaster law

国際人道法における欺瞞及び虚偽情報 ; コクサイ ジンドウ ホウ ニオケル ギマン オヨビ キョギ ジョウホウ ; Deception, misinformation, disinformation, and international humanitarian law

Static and Evolutive Treaty Interpretation: A Functional Reconstruction

How does the World Trade Organisation know? The mobilization and staging of scientific expertise in the GMO trade dispute

The right to life on the battlefield

Serious Breaches, the Draft Articles on State Responsibility and Universal Jurisdiction

Human rights law

The Relationship between Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Non-International Armed Conflicts

The Ethics of Law: How US/UK Intervention in Iraq and Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Breach the Principle of Virtue and International Law

The Concept of Effective Remedies in the Albanian Legal System, Particularly as Regards Meeting its Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights, (art. 13)

Measuring the Quality of the International Judiciary: The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice

Space Debris: A Basis for Actively Removing Objects Under an International Legal Order

The 2003-06 WTO GMO dispute: Implications for the SPS Agreement

Die vollständige Netzentgeltbefreiung stromintensiver Unternehmen verstößt gegen Beihilfenrecht

Von Schrotflinten und dünnem Eis: Darf sich Deutschland an einem Militäreinsatz in Syrien beteiligen oder nicht?

A Future Treaty on Business and Human Rights: Its Main Functions

国際家族法における当事者自治 ; コクサイカゾクホウニオケルトウジシャジチ ; Party autonomy in international family and succession law

日本の国際捕鯨取締条約の脱退に伴う法的課題 ; ニホンノコクサイホゲイトリシマリジョウヤクノダッタイニトモナウホウテキカダイ ; Legal issues accompanied by Japan's withdrawal of International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

封鎖法上の均衡原則 : 武力紛争法体系における位置 ; フウサホウジョウノキンコウゲンソク : ブリョクフンソウホウタイケイニオケルイチ ; The principle of proportionality in blockade law

アメリカカンキョウホウニオケルキュウサイホウリ ; アメリカ環境法における救済法理 ; アメリカカンキョウホウニオケルキュウサイホウリ ; Study on the remedies of U.S. environmental law

国際災害法に対する国際人道法の影響について ; コクサイサイガイホウニタイスルコクサイジンドウホウノエイキョウニツイテ ; The influence of international humanitarian law on the development of international disaster law

国際人道法における欺瞞及び虚偽情報 ; コクサイジンドウホウニオケルギマンオヨビキョギジョウホウ ; Deception, misinformation, disinformation, and international humanitarian law