This article evaluates the different mechanisms that nations use to limit trade mark rights to promote competition, free speech, and other public interests. It shows how EU

and US trade mark laws seem to be converging towards a similar model which includes both (1) specific statutory defenses to trade mark violations and (2) trade mark [...]

Criminal law was long considered as the sovereign domain of the state. However, after the end of the Cold War, states created new international criminal courts. These courts

are part of a wider field of international criminal justice in which different elites work to develop, support, and critique legal ideas and practices that either [...]

This article analyses the European Court of Justice’s strategic use of deference as a resilience technique in the preliminary reference procedure. It focuses on the strategic

potential of using deference in two scenarios: First, when the Court uses teleological interpretation or expands the scope of the EU legal order; second, when it [...]